Plant-made west nile virus (WNV) vaccines, vectors and plant codon optimized sequences

ABSTRACT

The subject application provides various compositions of matter directed to West Nile virus (WNV) polypeptides and fragments thereof and polynucleotides, vectors and transformed host cells that encode, direct the expression of, or produce WNV polypeptides as set forth herein. Methods of using the polypeptides and polynucleotides for the production of immune responses in individuals or detecting the presence of WNV specific or neutralizing antibodies are also provided herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/871,518, filed Dec. 22, 2006, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all figures, tables and amino acid or nucleic acid sequences.

This invention was made with government support under USDA-ARS CRADA Agreement No. 58-3K95-M-1040. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Understanding of West Nile virus (WNV) neutralization by antibodies comes from the study of WNV and its close relatives Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), and Japanese encephalitis virus, as well as more distant relatives such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Strong similarities in the sequence of the flavivirus envelope proteins and the nearly identical position of the cysteines that form intra-molecular bonds within the envelope proteins (Nowak et al., 1987) suggest that the envelope proteins of all flaviviruses must have very similar structures. Therefore, information about any flavivirus is generally applicable to the others.

Heinz and Kunz (1982, 1977) showed that flaviviruses contain only three proteins, the envelope protein (E), the membrane protein (M), and the capsid protein (C). Recent structural studies of dengue virus (Kuhn et al., 2002) confirmed this and showed the physical relationship of these proteins in the virion. Only the E protein is exposed on the virion surface (Kuhn et al., 2002). Thus far, the three-dimensional structures of the E proteins for WNV, TBEV, and dengue have been solved (Kuhn et al., 2002; Mukhopadhyah et al., 2003; Rey et al., 1995). These have a finger-like structure with three clearly distinct domains, domain I being in the middle between domains II and III. Individual molecules of E protein lay flat across the virion surface with pairs of molecules lying beside each other in opposite orientation and three pairs laying side-by-side.

The flavivirus E protein is synthesized as part of a genome-length polyprotein that includes all viral proteins. It is subsequently released from the polyprotein by proteolytic cleavage. Early cleavages inside the polyprotein release the E protein still attached to the pre-membrane (pr) and M proteins, the combination of the pr and M proteins being known as the “prM” protein. The resulting prM-E protein is inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where it begins to fold into its mature conformation. The virus is assembled in intracellular compartments with the prM-E on the surface. Subsequent cleavages separate the E and prM proteins and cleave the prM to yield the mature M protein. The pr fragment is not incorporated into virions. The E protein may or may not have glycosylation sequences and therefore may or may not be glycosylated (Hanna, et al., 2005).

Flaviviruses infect cells by binding to the cell membrane, probably through an interaction between the RGD sequence of E protein domain III and cell-surface integrin (Lee et al., 2000), and entering through endosomes. When the endosome acidifies, the virion envelope proteins undergo extensive and irreversible changes in their intra- and inter-molecular conformation. The 180 individual E protein molecules disassociate from their dimers, reorient their domains and join to form 60 trimeric spikes that protrude from the virion membrane, insert the tip of the spikes into the endosomal membrane, and aggregate into 12 pentameric rings of trimeric spikes that fuse the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane, thus allowing the capsid to enter the cell's cytoplasm and begin replication (Bressanelli et al., 2004). It is clear that solubilization of the dimers from the virion surface ablates some neutralization-related epitopes (Heinz et al., 1991) but it is not clear how the rearrangement and trimerization alters E protein antigenic sites (Stiasny et al., 1996).

Since only the E protein is exposed on the virion surface, antibodies that bind to and neutralize intact, infectious virions must bind to the E protein. This has been proven by showing the development of neutralizing antibodies in animals immunized with proteins purified from virus (Heinz et al., 1990) and viral proteins produced in recombinant systems (Bray et al., 1989; Heinz et al., 1986; Heinz et al., 1982; Jan et al., 1993; Konishi et al., 1992; Mason et al., 1991; Men et al., 1991; Pincus et al., 1992; Schlesinger et al., 1992), and by passive protection experiments with monoclonal antibodies directed against the E protein (reviewed in Heinz et al., 1977, 1986; Roehrig 1986).

Antibodies that bind some areas on the E protein would be expected to neutralize the virus and antibodies that bind other areas might not. In order to discriminate between the neutralization activity of antibodies that bind the primary amino acid sequence from those that bind the secondary and tertiary structure of the properly folded E protein, Wengler and Wengler (1989) showed that reduction of disulfide bonds to destroy the protein's secondary and tertiary structure ablated the ability of WNV E protein to engender neutralizing antibodies. This experiment strongly suggested that neutralizing antibodies bind to the E protein secondary and tertiary conformational structure rather than linear structure. To confirm this, Roehrig et al. (1989) made peptides from MVEV E protein predicted epitopes and found that only one engendered neutralizing antibodies and only at a low level. Indeed, subsequent studies have shown that monoclonal antibodies usually bind either native E protein or denatured E protein and its peptides (Guirakhoo et al., 1989; Holzmann et al., 1993; Roehrig et al., 1989). Only antibodies that bind the native structure neutralize the virus.

To show exactly which areas of the E protein are attacked by neutralizing antibodies, mutations in viruses that have escaped neutralization by monoclonal antibodies were sequenced and mapped on the E protein surface (reviewed in Heinz et al., 1983; Heinz et al., 1990; Roehrig 1986). These data enabled the generation of crude structural models (Cammack et al., 1986; Kolaskar et al., 1999; Mandl et al., 1989; Roebrig et al., 1989; Roehrig et al.; 1983) that were subsequently refined to show that mutations mapped to all three structural domains defined by x-ray crystallographic methods (Cecilia et al., 1991; Gao et al., 1994; Hasegawa et al., 1992; Holzmann et al., 1997; Holzmann et al., 1993; Jiang et al., 1993; Lin et al., 1994; Mandl et al., 1989). This strongly suggests that antibodies can neutralize flaviviruses by binding to any of the three domains. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on domain III where many neutralizing monoclonal antibody escape mutations occur (Beasley et al., 2002). Domain III is also the binding site for some non-neutralizing antibodies (Sanchez et al., 2005). Domain III can be isolated from purified virions as a trypsin-resistant fragment (Winkler et al., 1987) or generated as a recombinant protein (Mason et al. 1989) but its reactivity with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies is dependent on the maintenance of its conformational structure by its single disulfide bond. Several antibodies appear to neutralize WNV by binding a peptide that is exposed on domain I only during the membrane fusion transition (Kanai et al., 2006) or a site that interferes with conformational changes in domain III (Nybakken et al., 2005).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject application provides various compositions of matter directed to West Nile virus (WNV) polypeptides and fragments thereof and polynucleotides, vectors and transformed host cells that encode, direct the expression of, or produce WNV polypeptides as set forth herein. Methods of using the polypeptides and polynucleotides for the production of immune responses in individuals or detecting the presence of WNV specific or neutralizing antibodies are also provided herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts plasmid pDAB2406 which contains the cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV) promoter described in WO 97/48819 and an open reading frame 3′ untranslated region, ORF23 3′UTR (GenBank accession number X00493) v1. Located between the CsVMV promoter and ORF23 3′UTR v1 are unique sites, NcoI and SacI, which were used for inserting the gene of interest.

FIG. 2 represents vector pDAB2418. pDAB2418 contains the RB7 matrix attachment region (MAR) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,689; U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,695; U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,328, WO 94/07902, and WO 97/27207) and the plant transcription unit where plant selection marker phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,879,903; 5,637,489; 5,276,268; and 5,273,894) is driven by the AtUbi10 promoter (Sun C.-W. et al., 1997; Norris, S. R. et al., 1993; Callis, J. et al, 1995) and flanked, downstream by AtuORF1 3′ UTR v3 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,147; Barker, R. F., et al., 1983; GenBank accession number X00493). A unique NotI site, located between the RB7 MAR gene and the plant AtUbi10 promoter, was used for cloning gene fragments from pDAB2406 containing the CsVMV promoter, gene of interest, and ORF23 3′UTR v1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a modified basic binary vector, pDAB2407. This binary vector was built by adding an AgeI linker at the unique BamHI site of pBBV (Basic Binary Vector) allowing for AgeI/AgeI ligation of the WNV antigen and selectable marker expression cassettes between the T-DNA borders.

FIG. 4 is a representation of West Nile Virus dicot binary vector pDAB2475 which encodes a chimeric protein consisting of tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus membrane and envelope peptide (version 2) with ER targeting v2 and KDEL retention v3 signals (SEQ ID NO: 12).

FIG. 5 depicts a dicot binary vector (pDAB2478) encoding a chimeric protein consisting of the tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus pre-membrane v2, membrane and envelope peptides v2 with ER targeting v2 and KDEL retention v3 signals (SEQ ID NO: 8).

FIG. 6 pertains to a dicot binary vector, pDAB2481, encoding a chimeric protein consisting of the tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus pre-membrane v2, membrane v2, and envelope peptides with a mutated N-glycosylation site (version 4) with ER targeting v2 and KDEL v3 retention signals (SEQ ID NO: 10).

FIGS. 7-11 represent one destination vector, pDAB3736 (FIG. 7), and four donor vectors, pDAB3912 (FIG. 8), pDAB3914 (FIG. 9), pDAB3916 (FIG. 10), and pDAB3724 (FIG. 11) used to build nine binary constructs with the Gateway™ technology.

FIG. 12 depicts Gateway™ WNV ME binary vector, pDAB3920. pDAB3920 encodes T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/WNV ME v2/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 13 illustrates Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3922. pDAB3922 contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/AtuMAS 4OCS promoter v4/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 14 represents Gateway™ West Nile Virus binary vector, pDAB3924. The pDAB3924 vector contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/At Ubi10 promoter (Genbank Accession no L05363) v2/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 15 pertains to a Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3927 containing the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kDa zein ER signal v2-WNV ME v2/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 16 provides Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3929. pDAB3929 contains T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/Nt osm 5′ UTR v3/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Nt osm 3′ UTR v3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 17 is Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3934. This vector contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/ORF25/26 3′ UTR/KDELv3/WNV ME v3/15 kDa zein ER signal v2 (SEQ ID NO: 14)/AtuMAS 4OCS promoter v4/15 kD zein ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3, UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 18 provides a depiction of Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3941. pDAB3941 contains the following components: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kD zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi3 promoter v2/15 kD zein ER v2-WNV ME v3-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 19 provides Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3943. This vector contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMVv2/WNV M v2 E with modified glycosylation site (v5)/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A.

FIG. 20 provides E protein expression of 14 Day callus events transformed with pDAB2475 (ER targeted, ME Version 2, KDEL), as detected by ELISA.

FIG. 21 provides E protein expression of 14 Day callus events transformed with pDAB2478 (ER targeted, prME Version 2, KDEL) as detected by ELISA.

FIG. 22 provides E protein expression of 14 Day callus events transformed with pDAB2481 (ER targeted, prME with modified glycosylation site (Version 4), KDEL) as detected by ELISA.

FIG. 23 compares the expression levels between events transformed with pDAB2475, pDAB2478, and pDAB2481. A significantly higher protein recovery potential from pDAB2475 is indicated in the figure.

FIG. 24 depicts samples from select events that were analyzed by Western blot (day 14 callus). From many of the pDAB2475 events, full-length E protein was detected at the expected ˜54 kDa size of the authentic mature virion E protein.

FIGS. 25 and 26 illustrate that fewer events expressing the full-length E protein were detected with the pDAB2478 and pDAB2481 constructs.

FIG. 27 compares ELISA Results from Day 14 Callus of All Events of pDAB3920, pDAB3922, pDAB3924, pDAB3927, pDAB3929, pDAB3943, pDAB3934 and pDAB3941.

FIG. 28 depicts 14 Day callus samples from events of pDAB3920 and pDAB3922 analyzed by Western blot.

FIG. 29 depicts 14 Day callus samples from events of pDAB3924 and pDAB3927 analyzed by Western blot.

FIG. 30 depicts 14 Day callus samples from events of pDAB3929 and pDAB3934 analyzed by Western blot.

FIG. 31 illustrates on-line fermentation profiles for WNV event 1622-207 during a 10 liter STR fermentation run (Batch ID WNV SRD05006). The reduction in agitator speed rate resulted in the decrease in oxygen uptake rate near the termination of the fermentation.

FIG. 32 provides a fermentation residuals analysis for batch ID WNV SRD05006.

FIG. 33 provides a fermentation residuals analysis for batch ID WNV SRD05007.

FIG. 34 illustrates the kinetics of ME production in N. tobacum NT-1 suspension cells as determined over a period of 9 days for recombinant West Nile Virus events 1622-207 and 1622-210. Production of WNV envelope protein during a 218 hour (9.08 day; subtract the 42 hour pre-inoculation phase from the x-axis time) 10 liter stirred-tank reactor fermentation is depicted. The maximum volumetric productivity of ME events 1622-210 and 1622-207 occurred at 164 hr (206-42 hr), and 188 hr (230-42 hr) post-inoculation respectively.

FIG. 35 provides a graphical presentation of WNV serum neutralizing titers from a mouse clinical model study (Study I). The figure was generated by changing neutralization titers of >2560 to 2560 and titers of <20 to 20 and calculating serum neutralization geometric mean titer (GMT) for each treatment group.

FIG. 36 shows the variable response demonstrated by different doses of antigen and formulation with different adjuvants (Study II).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a native DNA sequence of flamingo isolate of West Nile Virus from GenBank Accession AF196835, encoding prM-, M-, and E-peptides (Version 1). The native WNV prM-M-E peptide coding region is 2004 bases in length and encodes the prM peptide (bases 1-276), the M-peptide (bases 277-501) and the E-Peptide (bases 502-2004).

SEQ ID NO: 2 is an amino acid sequence of native prM-, M-, and E-peptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1. The prM peptide is amino acids 1-92, the M-peptide is amino acids 93-167 and the E-peptide is amino acids 168-668.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence for prM-, M- and E-peptides (Version 2). SEQ ID NO: 3 is 2004 bases in length and the prM-peptide is encoded by bases 1-276, the M-peptide is encoded by bases 277-501 and the E-Peptide encoded by bases 502-2004.

SEQ ID NO: 4 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence for prM-, M- and E-peptides with mutated N-glycosylation site (Version 4). The proline codon is at nts 967-969 and the sequence is 2004 bases in length. The prM-peptide is encoded by bases 1-276, the M-peptide encoded by bases 277-501 and the E-Peptide encoded by bases 502-2004.

SEQ ID NO: 5 is an amino acid sequence of prM-, M-, and E-peptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 4 and containing a mutated N-glycosylation site. The proline residue is at position 323 and the sequence is 668 amino acids in length. The prM-peptide is amino acids 1-92, the M-peptide is amino acids 93-167 and the E-peptide is amino acids 168-668.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding M- and E-peptides (Version 2). The sequence is 1728 bases in length and the M-peptide is encoded by bases 1-225. The E-Peptide is encoded by bases 226-1728.

SEQ ID NO: 7 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding M- and E-peptides (Version 3). This sequence is 1728 bases in length and the M-peptide is encoded by bases 1-225. The E-peptide is encoded by bases 226-1728.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding chimeric protein including 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, prM-, M- and E-peptides (Version 2), and KDEL. The sequence is 2106 bases in length and the 15 kDa ER targeting signal is encoded by bases 1-66. The prM-peptide is encoded by bases 67-342, the M-peptide is encoded by bases 343-567, the E-peptide is encoded by bases 568-2070, the KDEL ER retention signal is encoded by bases 2071-2082 and six frame stops are located at bases 2083-2106.

SEQ ID NO: 9 is an amino acid sequence of the chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 8. The fusion protein is 694 amino acids in length and contains a 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide (amino acids 1-22), the prM-peptide (amino acids 23-114), the M-peptide (amino acids 115-189), the E-peptide (amino acids 190-690), an N-glycosylation site (amino acids 343-345) and the KDEL ER retention signal (amino acids 691-694).

SEQ ID NO: 10 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding chimeric protein including 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, prM-, M- and E-peptides with mutated N-glycosylation site (Version 4) and KDEL. The sequence is 2106 bases in length and the kDa ER targeting signal is encoded by bases 1-66, the prM-peptide is encoded by bases 67-342, the M-peptide is encoded by bases 343-567, the E-peptide is encoded by bases 568-2070, the KDEL ER retention signal is encoded by bases 2071-2082 and six frame stops are located at bases 2083-2106.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is an amino acid sequence of the chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 10. The polypeptide is 694 amino acids in length and the 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide is located at amino acids 1-22. The prM-peptide is found at amino acids 23-114, the M-peptide is found at amino acids 115-189, the E-peptide is found at amino acids 190-690 and mutated N-glycosylation site is at amino acids 343-345 and the KDEL ER retention signal is amino acids 691-694.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding chimeric protein including 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, M- and E-peptides (Version 2) and KDEL. The sequence is 1830 bases in length and the 15 kDa ER targeting signal is encoded by bases 1-66, the M-peptide is encoded by bases 67-291, the E-peptide is encoded by bases 292-1794, the KDEL ER retention signal is encoded by bases 1795-1806 and the six frame stops comprise bases 1807-1830.

SEQ ID NO: 13 is an amino acid sequence of the chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 12. This sequence is 602 amino acids long and the 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide is amino acids 1-22. The M-peptide is located at amino acids 23-97, the E-peptide is located at amino acids 98-598 and the KDEL ER retention signal is found at amino acids 599-602.

SEQ ID NO: 14 is a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding chimeric protein including 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, M- and E-peptides (Version 3) and KDEL. This sequence is 1832 bases in length, the 15 kDa ER targeting signal is encoded by bases 6-68, the M-peptide is encoded by bases 69-293, the E-peptide is encoded by bases 294-1796, the KDEL ER retention signal is encoded by bases 1797-1808 and six frame stops comprise bases 1809-1832.

SEQ ID NO: 15 is an amino acid sequence of the chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 14. The sequence is 601 amino acids in length and the 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide is amino acids 1-21. The M-peptide is located at amino acids 22-96, the E-peptide is located at amino acids 97-597 and the KDEL ER retention signal is found at amino acids 598-601.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The subject application provides the following non-limiting compositions of matter as well as methods of using these compositions of matter in the production of immunogenic polypeptides and methods of inducing immune responses in individuals. Thus, the subject invention provides various compositions of matter comprising:

a) isolated, purified, and/or recombinant polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15;

b) a fragment of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13, 15 or a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 that is “from Y to Z”, wherein Y is the N-terminal amino acid of the specified sequence and Z is the C-terminal amino acid of the specified sequence. Thus, for SEQ ID NO: 5, each fragment can be between 5 consecutive amino acids and 667 consecutive amino acids in length. Each fragment containing between 5 and 693 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11 are specifically contemplated by the subject invention. Likewise, for SEQ ID NO: 13, each polypeptide fragment between 5 and 601 consecutive amino acids is specifically contemplated by the subject invention. Further, each polypeptide fragment spanning between 5 and 600 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 15 is also specifically contemplated by the subject invention. Fragments “from Y to Z”, wherein Y is the N-terminal amino acid of the specified sequence and Z is the C-terminal amino acid of a specified sequence are provided in Table 9 for SEQ ID NO: 5, Table 10 for SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 11, Table 11 for SEQ ID NO: 13 and Table 12 for SEQ ID NO: 15. Polypeptide fragments as set forth in this application have at least one biological activity that is substantially the same as the corresponding biological activity of the full-length polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 Various other exemplary polypeptide fragments are set forth in Tables 15 or 16;

c) an E-peptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 or a fragment of an E-peptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 that produces a neutralizing antibody response when administered to an individual;

d) a polypeptide according to any one of embodiments a), b) or c) that further comprises a heterologous polypeptide sequence;

e) a plant-derived polypeptide according to any one of embodiments a), b), c) or d);

f) a composition comprising a carrier and a polypeptide as set forth in any one of a), b), c), d) or e), wherein said carrier is cellular material from the plant, mammalian or bacterial expression system (optionally suspended in a buffer), an adjuvant or a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;

g) a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 or encoding one or more polypeptide fragment of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 as set forth in (b) or (c), optionally wherein said polynucleotide sequence has a G+C content of at least 40% and less than 50% or a G+C content as set forth in Table 13;

h) a polynucleotide sequence that is at least 70% (or a percentage as specified in the Table 14) identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, encodes a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and has a G+C content of between about 40% and about 50% (or a specific G+C content as specified in Table 13);

i) a polynucleotide sequence at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (g) or (h);

j) a polynucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, or 14 or a fragment of at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, or 14;

k) a polynucleotide that is complementary to the polynucleotides set forth in (g), (h), (i), or (j);

l) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under low, intermediate or high stringency with a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (g), (h), (i), (i) or (k);

m) a genetic construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (g), (h), (i), (i) or (k);

n) a vector comprising a polynucleotide or genetic construct as set forth in (g), (h), (i), (i), (j), (k) or (l);

o) a host cell comprising a vector as set forth in (n), a genetic construct as set forth in (m), or a polynucleotide as set forth in any one of (g), (h), (i), (j) or (k);

p) a transgenic plant, plant cell, or plant part comprising a vector as set forth in (n), a genetic construct as set forth in (m) or a polynucleotide as set forth in any one of (g), (h), (i), (j) or (k); or

q) a probe comprising a polynucleotide according to (g), (h), (i), (j), (k) or (l) and, optionally, a label or marker.

In the context of the instant invention, the terms “oligopeptide”, “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” can be used interchangeably; however, it should be understood that the invention does not relate to the polypeptides in natural form, that is to say that they are not in their natural environment but that the polypeptides may have been isolated or obtained by purification from natural sources or obtained from host cells prepared by genetic manipulation (e.g., the polypeptides, or fragments thereof, are recombinantly produced by host cells, or by chemical synthesis). Polypeptides according to the instant invention may also contain non-natural amino acids, as will be described below. The terms “oligopeptide”, “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are also used, in the instant specification, to designate a series of residues, typically L-amino acids, connected one to the other, typically by peptide bonds between the α-amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. Linker elements can be joined to the polypeptides of the subject invention through peptide bonds or via chemical bonds (e.g., heterobifunctional chemical linker elements) as set forth below. Additionally, the terms “amino acid(s)” and “residue(s)” can be used interchangeably.

In the context of both polypeptides and polynucleotides, the term “successive” can be used interchangeably with the term “consecutive” or the phrase “contiguous span” throughout the subject application. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide fragment may be referred to as “a contiguous span of at least X nucleotides, wherein X is any integer value beginning with 5; the upper limit for fragments as set forth herein is one nucleotide less than the total number of nucleotides found in the full-length sequence encoding a particular polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 9). A polypeptide fragment, by example, may be referred to as “a contiguous span of at least X amino acids, wherein X is any integer value beginning with 5; the upper limit for such polypeptide fragments is one amino acid less than the total number of amino acids found in the full-length sequence of a particular polypeptide (e.g., 667 for SEQ ID NO: 5, 693 for SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11, 601 amino acids for SEQ ID NO: 13 and 600 amino acids for SEQ ID NO: 15). As used herein, the term “integer” refers to whole numbers in the mathematical sense.

“Nucleotide sequence”, “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably and are understood to mean, according to the present invention, either a double-stranded DNA, a single-stranded DNA or products of transcription of the said DNAs (e.g., RNA molecules). It should also be understood that the present invention does not relate to genomic polynucleotide sequences in their natural environment or natural state. The nucleic acid, polynucleotide, or nucleotide sequences of the invention can be isolated, purified (or partially purified), by separation methods including, but not limited to, ion-exchange chromatography, molecular size exclusion chromatography, or by genetic engineering methods such as amplification, subtractive hybridization, cloning, subcloning or chemical synthesis, or combinations of these genetic engineering methods. The terms “polynucleotide vaccine” and “DNA vaccine” can also be used interchangeably herein.

The terms “comprising”, “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” are defined according to their standard meaning. The terms may be substituted for one another throughout the instant application in order to attach the specific meaning associated with each term. The phrases “isolated” or “biologically pure” refer to material that is substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany the material as it is found in its native state. Thus, isolated peptides in accordance with the invention preferably do not contain materials normally associated with the peptides in their in situ environment. “Link” or “join” refers to any method known in the art for functionally connecting peptides, including, without limitation, recombinant fusion, covalent bonding, disulfide bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic bonding.

Thus, the subject invention provides polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 and/or polypeptide fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. Polypeptide fragments, according to the subject invention, comprise a contiguous span of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. Polypeptide fragments according to the subject invention can be any integer in length from at least 5 consecutive amino acids to 1 amino acid less than a full length polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 5 can contain any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 667. For SEQ ID NO: 9 or 11 a polypeptide fragment is any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 693. For SEQ ID NO: 13, a polypeptide fragment is any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 601. For SEQ ID NO: 15, a polypeptide fragment is any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including 5 and 600 amino acids.

Each polypeptide fragment of the subject invention can also be described in terms of its N-terminal and C-terminal positions. Additionally, polypeptide fragments embodiments described herein may be “at least”, “equal to”, “equal to or less than”, “less than”, “at least _ but not greater than _” or “from Y to Z”, wherein Y is the N-terminal amino acid of the specified sequence and Z is the C-terminal amino acid of the specified sequence, the fragment is at least 5 amino acids in length, and Y and Z are any integer specified (or selected from) those integers identified in the tables specifying the corresponding fragment lengths for each polypeptide disclosed herein (see Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, and 16 [the positions listed in the tables correspond to the amino acid position as provided in the attached sequence listing]). As is apparent from Table 10, the N-terminal amino acid for fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 11 can be any integer from 1 to 690 and the C-terminal amino acid is any integer from 5 to 694 (depending on the fragment length which is to be any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 694). For fragments of SEQ ID NO: 5 (shown in Table 9), the N-terminal amino acid can be any integer between 1 and 664 and the C-terminal amino acid is any integer from 5 to 667 (depending on the fragment length which is to be any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 667). With respect to fragments of SEQ ID NO: 13 (illustrated in Table 11), the N-terminal amino acid can be any integer between 1 and 598 and the C-terminal amino acid is any integer from 5 to 602 (depending on the fragment length which is any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 601 amino acids). For SEQ ID NO: 15 (provided in Table 12), the N-terminal amino acid can be any integer between 1 and 597 and the C-terminal amino acid is any integer from 5 to 601 (depending on the fragment length which is any number (integer) of consecutive amino acids between, and including, 5 and 600 amino acids). It is noted that all ranges used to describe any embodiment of the present invention are inclusive unless specifically set forth otherwise and that fragments of a given polypeptide can be any integer in length, provided that the length of the polypeptide fragment is at least one amino acid shorter than the polypeptide identified in SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. To illustrate this concept, the four fragments provided by Table 12 that are 598 amino acids in length are provided. Thus, the various polypeptide fragments are defined as: where Y is position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 15, Z is position 598 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (the peptide is 598 amino acids in length); where Y is position 2 of SEQ ID NO: 15, Z is position 599 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (the peptide is 598 amino acids in length); where Y is position 3 of SEQ ID NO: 15, Z is position 600 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (the peptide is 598 amino acids in length); and where Y is position 4 of SEQ ID NO: 15, Z is position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 15 (the peptide is 598 amino acids in length).

The subject invention also provides for various polypeptide fragments (comprising contiguous spans or consecutive spans of at least five consecutive amino acids) that span particular residues of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. For SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 11, preferred fragments include those of at least five consecutive amino acids that include at least one of the amino acids at positions 1-22 [i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or all 22 of the amino acids], at least one, two or all three of the amino acids at positions 343-345 of SEQ ID NOs: 9 or 11, and at least one, two, three or all four of amino acids 691 through 694 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or 11. Non-limiting examples illustrating a few of these combinations of amino acids are set forth in Tables 15 or 16. For SEQ ID NO: 5, certain embodiments provide for any of those fragments of at least five consecutive amino acids that span amino acid 323. For SEQ ID NO: 13, various embodiments of the invention provide polypeptide fragments of at least five consecutive amino acids that span or include: at least one of the amino acids at positions 1-22 of SEQ ID NO: 13; and/or at least one, two, three, or all four of the amino acids at positions 599-602 of SEQ ID NO: 13. With respect to SEQ ID NO: 15, exemplary polypeptide fragments include those that span, or include at least one of the amino acids at positions 1-21 and/or 598-601 of SEQ ID NO: 15. Additional polypeptide fragments are also set forth in Tables 15 and 16. In some aspects of the invention, preferred polypeptide fragments are the complete E-peptide sequence identified in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15.

Fragments, as described herein, can be obtained by cleaving the polypeptides of the invention with a proteolytic enzyme (such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, or collagenase) or with a chemical reagent, such as cyanogen bromide (CNBr). Alternatively, polypeptide fragments can be generated in a highly acidic environment, for example at pH 2.5. Such polypeptide fragments may be equally well prepared by chemical synthesis or using hosts transformed with an expression vector according to the invention. The transformed host cells contain a nucleic acid, allowing the expression of these fragments, under the control of appropriate elements for regulation and/or expression of the polypeptide fragments.

In certain preferred embodiments, fragments of the polypeptides disclosed herein retain at least one biological property or biological activity of the full-length polypeptide from which the fragments are derived (such fragments may also be referred to as “biologically active fragments”. Thus, both full length polypeptides and fragments of the polypeptides provided by SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 have one or more of the following properties or biological activities: the ability to: 1) specifically bind to antibodies specific for SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15; 2) specifically bind antibodies found in an animal or human infected with West Nile virus and/or antibodies that neutralize West Nile infectious virus (the ability of the virus to infect a host or target cell); the ability to bind to, and activate T-cell receptors (CTL (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte) and/or HTL (helper T-lymphocyte receptors)) in the context of MHC Class I or Class II antigen that are isolated or derived from an animal or human infected with West Nile virus; 3) the ability to induce an immune response in an animal or human against a West Nile virus; 4) the ability to induce a protective immune response in an animal or human against a West Nile virus; and/or 5) the ability to induce the production of West Nile Virus neutralizing antibodies (also referred to a neutralizing antibodies) in an animal/individual immunized with one or more of said polypeptides.

Where plant expression systems are used for the production of polypeptides provided in the subject application, or fragments thereof, a composition comprising the purified polypeptide can include plant cell components (e.g., cell walls, the cellular matrix of plant cell membranes and carbohydrates, etc.) or plant cell matrix components. Likewise, where eukaryotic or prokaryotic expression systems are used for the production of polypeptides of the subject invention, or fragments thereof, cell membrane or cell wall components of each respective expression system may be present in a composition comprising partially purified polypeptides.

The polypeptides (or fragments thereof) of the invention may be monomeric or multimeric (e.g., dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher multimers). Accordingly, the present invention relates to monomers and multimers of the polypeptides of the invention, their preparation, and compositions containing them. Multimeric polypeptides, as set forth herein, may be formed by hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic and/or covalent associations and/or may be indirectly linked, by for example, liposome formation. Thus, in one embodiment, multimers of the invention, such as, for example, homodimers or homotrimers, are formed when polypeptides of the invention contact one another in solution. In another embodiment, heteromultimers of the invention, such as, for example, heterotrimers or heterotetramers, are formed when polypeptides of the invention contact antibodies to the polypeptides of the invention (including antibodies to the heterologous polypeptide sequence in a fusion protein of the invention) in solution. In other embodiments, multimers of the invention are formed by covalent associations with and/or between the polypeptides of the invention. One non-limiting example of such a covalent association is the formation of disulfide bonds between immunoglobulin heavy chains as provided by a fusion protein of the invention that comprises a polypeptide comprising SEQ TD NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 (or fragments thereof) fused to an Ig heavy chain (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Another example of a fusion protein capable of forming covalently associated multimers is oseteoprotegerin (see, e.g., International Publication No. WO 98/49305, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In another embodiment, two or more polypeptides of the invention are joined through peptide linkers. Examples include those peptide linkers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,627 (hereby incorporated by reference). Proteins comprising multiple polypeptides of the invention separated by peptide linkers may be produced using conventional recombinant DNA technology.

Other multimeric polypeptides can be formed by fusing the polypeptides of the invention to a leucine zipper or isoleucine zipper polypeptide sequence. Leucine zipper and isoleucine zipper domains are polypeptides that promote multimerization of the proteins in which they are found. Non-limiting examples of leucine zipper domains suitable for producing soluble multimeric proteins of the invention are those described in PCT application WO 94/10308, hereby incorporated by reference. Recombinant fusion proteins comprising a polypeptide of the invention fused to a polypeptide sequence that dimerizes or trimerizes in solution are expressed in suitable host cells, and the resulting soluble multimeric fusion protein is recovered from the culture supernatant using techniques known in the art.

Multimeric polypeptides can also be generated using chemical techniques known in the art. For example, polypeptides desired to be contained in the multimers of the invention may be chemically cross-linked using linker molecules and linker molecule length optimization techniques known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Additionally, multimeric polypeptides can be generated by introducing disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues located within the sequence of the polypeptides that are being used to construct the multimeric polypeptide (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Further, polypeptides of the invention may be routinely modified by the addition of cysteine or biotin to the C terminus or N-terminus of the polypeptide and techniques known in the art may be applied to generate multimers containing one or more of these modified polypeptides (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Additionally, other techniques known in the art may be applied to generate liposomes containing the polypeptide components desired to be contained in the multimer of the invention (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,925, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The polypeptides provided herein, as well as the fragments thereof, may further comprise linker elements (L) that facilitate the attachment of the fragments to other molecules, amino acids, or polypeptide sequences. The linkers can also be used to attach the polypeptides, or fragments thereof, to solid support matrices for use in affinity purification protocols. Non-limiting examples of “linkers” suitable for the practice of the invention include chemical linkers (such as those sold by Pierce, Rockford, Ill.), or peptides that allow for the connection combinations of polypeptides (see, for example, linkers such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,121,424, 5,843,464, 5,750,352, and 5,990,275, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

In other embodiments, the linker element (L) can be an amino acid sequence (a peptide linker). In some embodiments, the peptide linker has one or more of the following characteristics: a) it allows for the free rotation of the polypeptides that it links (relative to each other); b) it is resistant or susceptible to digestion (cleavage) by proteases; and c) it does not interact with the polypeptides it joins together. In various embodiments, a multimeric construct according to the subject invention includes a peptide linker and the peptide linker is 5 to 60 amino acids in length. More preferably, the peptide linker is 10 to 30, amino acids in length; even more preferably, the peptide linker is 10 to 20 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is 17 amino acids in length.

Peptide linkers suitable for use in the subject invention are made up of amino acids selected from the group consisting of Gly, Ser, Asn, Thr and Ala. Preferably, the peptide linker includes a Gly-Ser element. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide linker comprises (Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)_(y) wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. Other embodiments provide for a peptide linker comprising ((Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly)_(y)-Ser-Pro). In certain preferred embodiments, y is a value of 3, 4, or 5. In other preferred embodiment, the peptide linker comprises (Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly)_(y) or ((Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly)_(y)-Ser-Pro), wherein y is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In certain preferred embodiments, y is a value of 3, 4, or 5. Where cleavable linker elements are desired, one or more cleavable linker sequences such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.) can be used alone or in combination with the aforementioned linkers.

Multimeric constructs of the subject invention can also comprise a series of repeating elements, optionally interspersed with other elements. As would be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the order in which the repeating elements occur in the multimeric polypeptide is not critical and any arrangement of the repeating elements as set forth herein can be provided by the subject invention. Thus, a “multimeric construct” according to the subject invention can provide a multimeric polypeptide comprising a series of polypeptides or polypeptide fragments that are, optionally, joined together by linker elements (either chemical linker elements or amino acid linker elements).

Fusion proteins according to the subject invention comprise one or more heterologous polypeptide sequences (e.g., tags that facilitate purification of the polypeptides of the invention (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,362, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety; Altendorf et al., (1999-WWW, 2000); Baneyx, (1999); Eihauer et al., (2001); Jones et al. (1995); Margolin (2000); Puig et al., (2001); Sassenfeld (1990); Sheibani (1999); Skerra et al., (1999); Smith (1998); Smyth et al., (2000); Unger (1997), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties), or commercially available tags from vendors such as STRATAGENE (La Jolla, Calif.), NOVAGEN (Madison, Wis.), QIAGEN, Inc., (Valencia, Calif.), or InVitrogen (San Diego, Calif.).

In other embodiments, polypeptides of the subject invention (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13, 15 or fragments thereof) can be fused to heterologous polypeptide sequences that have adjuvant activity (a polypeptide adjuvant). Non-limiting examples of such polypeptides include heat shock proteins (hsp) (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,825, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The subject invention also provides biologically active fragments of a polypeptide according to the invention and includes those peptides capable of eliciting an immune response directed against a West Nile virus, said immune response providing components (B-cells, antibodies, and/or components of the cellular immune response (e.g., helper, cytotoxic, and/or suppressor T-cells)) reactive with the fragment of said polypeptide; the intact, full length, unmodified polypeptide disclosed herein; or both a fragment of a polypeptide and the intact, full length, unmodified polypeptides disclosed herein. Certain embodiments provide methods of inducing an antibody response that produces West Nile virus neutralizing antibodies.

The subject application also provides a composition comprising at least one isolated, recombinant, or purified polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 (or a fragment thereof) and at least one additional component. In various aspects of the invention, the additional component is a solid support (for example, microtiter wells, magnetic beads, non-magnetic beads, agarose beads, glass, cellulose, plastics, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, nitrocellulose, nylon, or polysulfone). The additional component can also be a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or adjuvant known to those skilled in the art. In some aspects of the invention, the solid support provides an array of polypeptides of the subject invention or an array of polypeptides comprising combinations of various polypeptides of the subject invention. Other aspects of the invention provide a composition comprising the purified polypeptide that includes plant cell components (e.g., cell walls, the cellular matrix of plant cell membranes and carbohydrates, etc.) or plant cell matrix components. Likewise, where eukaryotic or prokaryotic expression systems are used for the production of polypeptides or fragments of the polypeptides provided by this application, cell membrane or cell wall components of each respective expression system may be present in a composition comprising partially purified polypeptides.

The subject invention also provides methods for eliciting an immune response in an individual comprising the administration of compositions comprising polypeptides according to the subject invention to an individual in amounts sufficient to induce an immune response in the individual. In some embodiments, a “protective” or “therapeutic immune response” is induced in the individual. A “protective immune response” or “therapeutic immune response” refers to an induction in the production of antibodies that neutralize infectious West Nile viruses, or induce a CTL (or CD8⁺ T cell) and/or an HTL (or CD4⁺ T cell), and/or an antibody response that prevents, reduces or at least partially arrests disease symptoms, side effects or progression in the individuals. For example, individuals in which a protective immune response has been induced can exhibit reduced mortality and/or exhibit reduced viral shedding as compared to non-immunized control individuals. The protective immune response may also include an antibody response that has been facilitated by the stimulation of helper T cells (or CD4⁺ T cells). Additional methods of inducing an immune response in an individual are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,419,931, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The term CTL can be used interchangeably with CD8⁺ T-cell(s) and the term HTL can be used interchangeably with CD4⁺ T-cell(s) throughout the subject application.

Individuals, in the context of this application, refers to birds and/or mammals such as, but not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys or domesticated animals (pets) such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, ferrets, cows, horses, goats and sheep. Avian or bird is herein defined as any warm-blooded vertebrate member of the class Aves typically having forelimbs modified into wings, scaly legs, a beak, and bearing young in hard-shelled eggs. For purposes of this specification, preferred groups of birds are domesticated chickens, turkeys, ostriches, ducks, geese, swan, Cornish game hens and exotic birds kept as pets or for display in zoos.

Administering or administer is defined as the introduction of a substance into the body of an individual and includes oral, nasal, ocular, rectal, vaginal and parenteral routes. Compositions may be administered individually or in combination with other agents via any route of administration, including but not limited to subcutaneous (SQ), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), intradermal (ID), transdermal, (TD), or via the nasal, ocular, oral, or rectal mucosa.

The composition administered to the individual may, optionally, contain an adjuvant and may be delivered in any manner known in the art for the delivery of immunogen to a subject. Compositions may also be formulated in any carriers, including for example, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as those described in E. W. Martin's Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. In preferred embodiments, compositions may be formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, complete Freund's adjuvant, or alum. Other non-limiting examples of adjuvants that can be used in the practice of the invention include: oil-water emulsions, Polygen, Carbigen (Carbopol 974P NF) or Titer-Max (Block copolymer CRL-8941, squalene and a unique microparticulate stabilizer).

In other embodiments, the subject invention provides for diagnostic assays based upon Western blot formats or standard immunoassays known to the skilled artisan and which utilize a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15. For example, antibody-based assays such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), lateral flow assays, reversible flow chromatographic binding assay (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), immunochromatographic strip assays, automated flow assays, and assays utilizing peptide-containing biosensors may be employed for the detection of antibodies that bind to the polypeptides (or fragments thereof) that are provided by the subject invention. The assays and methods for conducting the assays are well-known in the art and the methods may test biological samples (e.g., serum, plasma, or blood) qualitatively (presence or absence of antibody) or quantitatively (comparison of a sample against a standard curve prepared using a polypeptide of the subject invention) for the presence of antibodies that bind to polypeptides of the subject invention.

The antibody-based assays can be considered to be of four types: direct binding assays, sandwich assays, competition assays, and displacement assays. In a direct binding assay, either the antibody or antigen is labeled, and there is a means of measuring the number of complexes formed. In a sandwich assay, the formation of a complex of at least three components (e.g., antibody-antigen-antibody) is measured. In a competition assay, labeled antigen and unlabelled antigen compete for binding to the antibody, and either the bound or the free component is measured. In a displacement assay, the labeled antigen is pre-bound to the antibody, and a change in signal is measured as the unlabelled antigen displaces the bound, labeled antigen from the receptor.

Lateral flow assays can be conducted according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,170 and the references cited therein. U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,170 and the references cited therein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Displacement assays and flow immunosensors useful for carrying out displacement assays are described in: Kusterbeck et al., (1990); Kusterbeck et al., (1990a); Ligler et al., (1992); Ogert et al., (1992), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Displacement assays and flow immunosensors are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,740, which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The displacement immunoassay, unlike most of the competitive immunoassays used to detect small molecules, can generate a positive signal with increasing antigen concentration.

The subject invention also provides methods of binding an antibody to a polypeptide of the subject invention (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or an antibody binding fragment thereof) comprising contacting a sample containing an antibody with a polypeptide under conditions that allow for the formation of an antibody-antigen complex. These methods can further comprise the step of detecting the formation of said antibody-antigen complex. In various aspects of this method, an immunoassay is conducted for the detection of West Nile virus specific antibodies in a sample. Non-limiting examples of such immunoassays include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), lateral flow assays, immunochromatographic strip assays, automated flow assays, Western blots, immunoprecipitation assays, reversible flow chromatographic binding assays, agglutination assays, and biosensors. Additional aspects of the invention provide for the use of an array of polypeptides when conducting the aforementioned methods of detecting antibodies specific to West Nile virus (the array can contain at least one of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 (or fragments thereof) and can also contain other polypeptides of the same or different viral origin).

The subject invention also concerns antibodies that bind to polypeptides of the invention. Antibodies that are immunospecific for the polypeptides as set forth herein are specifically contemplated. In various embodiments, antibodies that do not cross-react with other known West Nile virus polypeptides are preferred. Particularly preferred antibodies do not cross-react with antibodies produced against polypeptides derived from known strains of West Nile virus. The antibodies of the subject invention can be prepared using standard materials and methods known in the art (see, for example, Monoclonal Antibodies. Principles and Practice, 1983; Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques and Applications, 1982; Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, 1980; Immunological Methods, Vol. II, 1981; Practical Immunology, and Kohler et al., 1975; Letchworth and Appleton, 1984). These antibodies can further comprise one or more additional components, such as a solid support, a carrier or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, or a label.

The term “antibody” includes monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity, particularly neutralizing activity. “Antibody fragments” comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; and multi-specific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Particularly preferred antibodies according to the subject invention are those that do not bind to the unmodified WNV polypeptides known in the art.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations that typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The “monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al. (1991) and Marks et al. (1991), for example.

The monoclonal antibodies described herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., (1984)). Also included are humanized antibodies that specifically bind to the polypeptides, or fragments thereof, set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,213 or 6,417,337, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, teaching methods of making humanized antibodies).

“Single-chain Fv” or “sFv” antibody fragments comprise the V_(H) and V_(T) domains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding. For a review of sFv see Pluckthun (1994).

The term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (V_(H)) connected to a light chain variable domain (V_(L)) in the same polypeptide chain (V_(H)-V_(L)). Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Holliger et al. (1993). The term “linear antibodies” refers to the antibodies described in Zapata et al. (1995).

An “isolated” antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or non-reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.

As discussed above, “nucleotide sequence”, “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably and are understood to mean, according to the present invention, either a double-stranded DNA, a single-stranded DNA or products of transcription of the said DNAs (e.g., RNA molecules).

The range of percent identity, between 20.00% and 99.99%, is to be taken as including, and providing written description and support for, any fractional percentage, in intervals of 0.01%, between 20.00% and, up to, including 99.99%. These percentages are purely statistical and differences between two nucleic acid sequences can be distributed randomly and over the entire sequence length. For example, homologous sequences can exhibit a percent identity of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent with the sequences of the instant invention. Typically, the percent identity is calculated with reference to the full length, native, and/or naturally occurring polynucleotide. The terms “identical” or percent “identity”, in the context of two or more polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by manual alignment and visual inspection.

Both protein and nucleic acid sequence homologies may be evaluated using any of the variety of sequence comparison algorithms and programs known in the art. Such algorithms and programs include, but are by no means limited to, TBLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA, and CLUSTALW (Pearson et al., 1988; Altschul et al., 1990; Thompson et al., 1994; Higgins et al., 1996; Gish et al., 1993). Sequence comparisons are, typically, conducted using default parameters provided by the vendor or using those parameters set forth in the above-identified references, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

A “complementary” polynucleotide sequence, as used herein, generally refers to a sequence arising from the hydrogen bonding between a particular purine and a particular pyrimidine in double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, or RNA-RNA). The major specific pairings are guanine with cytosine and adenine with thymine or uracil. A “complementary” polynucleotide sequence may also be referred to as an “antisense” polynucleotide sequence or an “antisense sequence”.

Sequence homology and sequence identity can also be determined by hybridization studies under high stringency, intermediate stringency, and/or low stringency. Various degrees of stringency of hybridization can be employed. The more severe the conditions are, the greater the complementarity that is required for duplex formation. Severity of conditions can be controlled by temperature, probe concentration, probe length, ionic strength, time, and the like. Preferably, hybridization is conducted under low, intermediate, or high stringency conditions by techniques well known in the art, as described, for example, in Keller and Manak (1987).

For example, hybridization of immobilized DNA on Southern blots with ³²P-labeled gene-specific probes can be performed by standard methods (Maniatis et al., 1982). In general, hybridization and subsequent washes can be carried out under intermediate to high stringency conditions that allow for detection of target sequences with homology to the exemplified polynucleotide sequence. For double-stranded DNA gene probes, hybridization can be carried out overnight at 20-25° C. below the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the DNA hybrid in 6×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured DNA. The melting temperature is described by the following formula (Beltz et al., 1983). Tm=81.5° C.+16.6 Log [Na⁺]+0.41 (% G+C)−0.61 (% formamide)−600/length of duplex in base pairs.

Washes are typically carried out as follows:

(1) twice at room temperature for 15 minutes in 1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS (low stringency wash);

(2) once at T_(m)−20° C. for 15 minutes in 0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS (intermediate stringency wash).

For oligonucleotide probes, hybridization can be carried out overnight at 10-20° C. below the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the hybrid in 6×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured DNA. T_(m) for oligonucleotide probes can be determined by the following formula: T _(m)(° C.)=2(number T/A base pairs)⁺4(number G/C base pairs) (Suggs et al., 1981).

Washes can be carried out as follows:

(1) twice at room temperature for 15 minutes 1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS (low stringency wash);

(2) once at the hybridization temperature for 15 minutes in 1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS (intermediate stringency wash).

In general, salt and/or temperature can be altered to change stringency. With a labeled DNA fragment >70 or so bases in length, the following conditions can be used:

Low: 1 or 2×SSPE, room temperature

Low: 1 or 2×SSPE, 42° C.

Intermediate: 0.2× or 1×SSPE, 65° C.

High: 0.1×SSPE, 65° C.

By way of another non-limiting example, procedures using conditions of high stringency can also be performed as follows: Pre-hybridization of filters containing DNA is carried out for 8 h to overnight at 65° C. in buffer composed of 6×SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% BSA, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Filters are hybridized for 48 h at 65° C., the preferred hybridization temperature, in pre-hybridization mixture containing 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 5-20×10⁶ cpm of ³²P-labeled probe. Alternatively, the hybridization step can be performed at 65° C. in the presence of SSC buffer, 1×SSC corresponding to 0.15M NaCl and 0.05 M Na citrate. Subsequently, filter washes can be done at 37° C. for 1 h in a solution containing 2×SSC, 0.01% PVP, 0.01% Ficoll, and 0.01% BSA, followed by a wash in 0.1×SSC at 50° C. for 45 min. Alternatively, filter washes can be performed in a solution containing 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS, or 0.5×SSC and 0.1% SDS, or 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C. for 15 minute intervals. Following the wash steps, the hybridized probes are detectable by autoradiography. Other conditions of high stringency which may be used are well known in the art and as cited in Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al. (1989) are incorporated herein in their entirety.

Another non-limiting example of procedures using conditions of intermediate stringency are as follows: Filters containing DNA are pre-hybridized, and then hybridized at a temperature of 60° C. in the presence of a 5×SSC buffer and labeled probe. Subsequently, filters washes are performed in a solution containing 2×SSC at 50° C. and the hybridized probes are detectable by autoradiography. Other conditions of intermediate stringency which may be used are well known in the art and as cited in Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al. (1989) are incorporated herein in their entirety.

Duplex formation and stability depend on substantial complementarity between the two strands of a hybrid and, as noted above, a certain degree of mismatch can be tolerated. Therefore, the probe sequences of the subject invention include mutations (both single and multiple), deletions, insertions of the described sequences, and combinations thereof, wherein said mutations, insertions and deletions permit formation of stable hybrids with the target polynucleotide of interest. Mutations, insertions and deletions can be produced in a given polynucleotide sequence in many ways, and these methods are known to an ordinarily skilled artisan. Other methods may become known in the future.

It is also well known in the art that restriction enzymes can be used to obtain functional fragments of the subject DNA sequences. For example, Bal31 exonuclease can be conveniently used for time-controlled limited digestion of DNA (commonly referred to as “erase-a-base” procedures). See, for example, Maniatis et al. (1982); Wei et al. (1983).

The present invention further comprises fragments of the polynucleotide sequences of the instant invention. Representative fragments of the polynucleotide sequences according to the invention will be understood to mean any nucleotide fragment having at least 5 successive nucleotides, preferably at least 12 successive nucleotides, and still more preferably at least 15, 18, or at least 20 successive nucleotides of the sequence from which it is derived. The upper limit for fragments as set forth herein is the total number of nucleotides found in the full-length sequence encoding a particular polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide such as that of SEQ ID NO: 5).

In some embodiments, the subject invention includes those fragments capable of hybridizing under various conditions of stringency conditions (e.g., high or intermediate or low stringency) with a nucleotide sequence according to the invention; fragments that hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of the subject invention can be, optionally, labeled as set forth below.

The subject invention provides, in one embodiment, methods for the identification of the presence of nucleic acids according to the subject invention in transformed host cells or in cells isolated from an individual suspected of being infected by West Nile virus. In these varied embodiments, the invention provides for the detection of nucleic acids in a sample (obtained from the individual or from a cell culture) comprising contacting a sample with a nucleic acid (polynucleotide) of the subject invention (such as an RNA, mRNA, DNA, cDNA, or other nucleic acid). In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide is a probe that is, optionally, labeled and used in the detection system. Many methods for detection of nucleic acids exist and any suitable method for detection is encompassed by the instant invention. Typical assay formats utilizing nucleic acid hybridization includes, and are not limited to, 1) nuclear run-on assay, 2) slot blot assay, 3) northern blot assay (Alwine et al., 1977, 4) magnetic particle separation, 5) nucleic acid or DNA chips, 6) reverse Northern blot assay, 7) dot blot assay, 8) in situ hybridization, 9) kNase protection assay (Melton et al., 1984) and as described in the 1998 catalog of Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex., 10) ligase chain reaction, 11) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12) reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (Berchtold, 1989), 13) differential display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR) or other suitable combinations of techniques and assays. Labels suitable for use in these detection methodologies include, and are not limited to 1) radioactive labels, 2) enzyme labels, 3) chemiluminescent labels, 4) fluorescent labels, 5) magnetic labels, or other suitable labels, including those set forth below. These methodologies and labels are well known in the art and widely available to the skilled artisan. Likewise, methods of incorporating labels into the nucleic acids are also well known to the skilled artisan.

Thus, the subject invention also provides detection probes (e.g., fragments of the disclosed polynucleotide sequences) for hybridization with a target sequence or the amplicon generated from the target sequence. Such a detection probe will comprise a contiguous/consecutive span of at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 nucleotides. Labeled probes or primers are labeled with a radioactive compound or with another type of label as set forth above (e.g., 1) radioactive labels, 2) enzyme labels, 3) chemiluminescent labels, 4) fluorescent labels, or 5) magnetic labels). Alternatively, non-labeled nucleotide sequences may be used directly as probes or primers; however, the sequences are generally labeled with a radioactive element (³²P, ³⁵S, ³H, ¹²¹I) or with a molecule such as biotin, acetylaminofluorene, digoxigenin, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine, or fluorescein to provide probes that can be used in numerous applications.

Polynucleotides of the subject invention can also be used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of gene expression using arrays or polynucleotides that are attached to a solid support. As used herein, the term array means a one-, two-, or multi-dimensional arrangement of full length polynucleotides or polynucleotides of sufficient length to permit specific detection of gene expression. Preferably, the fragments are at least 15 nucleotides in length. More preferably, the fragments are at least 100 nucleotides in length. More preferably, the fragments are more than 100 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments the fragments may be more than 500 nucleotides in length.

For example, quantitative analysis of gene expression may be performed with full-length polynucleotides of the subject invention, or fragments thereof, in a complementary DNA microarray as described by Schena et al. (1995, 1996). Polynucleotides, or fragments thereof, are amplified by PCR and arrayed onto silylated microscope slides. Printed arrays are incubated in a humid chamber to allow rehydration of the array elements and rinsed, once in 0.2% SDS for 1 min, twice in water for 1 min and once for 5 min in sodium borohydride solution. The arrays are submerged in water for 2 min at 95° C., transferred into 0.2% SDS for 1 min, rinsed twice with water, air dried and stored in the dark at 25° C. mRNA is isolated from a biological sample and probes are prepared by a single round of reverse transcription. Probes are hybridized to 1 cm² microarrays under a 14×14 mm glass coverslip for 6-12 hours at 60° C. Arrays are washed for 5 min at 25° C. in low stringency wash buffer (1×SSC/0.2% SDS), then for 10 min at room temperature in high stringency wash buffer (0.1×SSC/0.2% SDS). Arrays are scanned in 0.1×SSC using a fluorescence laser scanning device fitted with a custom filter set. Accurate differential expression measurements are obtained by taking the average of the ratios of two independent hybridizations.

Quantitative analysis of the polynucleotides present in a biological sample can also be performed in complementary DNA arrays as described by Pietu et al. (1996). The polynucleotides of the invention, or fragments thereof, are PCR amplified and spotted on membranes. Then, mRNAs originating from biological samples derived from various tissues or cells are labeled with radioactive nucleotides. After hybridization and washing in controlled conditions, the hybridized mRNAs are detected by phospho-imaging or autoradiography. Duplicate experiments are performed and a quantitative analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs is then performed.

Alternatively, the polynucleotide sequences of the invention may also be used in analytical systems, such as DNA chips. DNA chips and their uses are well known in the art (see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,561,071; 5,753,439; 6,214,545; Schena 1996; Bianchi et al., 1997; each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties) and/or are provided by commercial vendors such as Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.). In addition, the nucleic acid sequences of the subject invention can be used as molecular weight markers in nucleic acid analysis procedures.

The subject invention also provides compositions of matter that comprise:

a) a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 or encoding one or more polypeptide fragment of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15 as set forth in Table 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, or 16. In various aspects of the invention, these polynucleotides can have a G+C content of at least 40% and less than 50% or a G+C content as set forth in Table 13;

b) a polynucleotide sequence that is at least 70% (or a percentage as specified in the Table 14) identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, encodes a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 and has a G+C content of between about 40% and about 50% (or a specific G+C content as specified in Table 13);

c) a polynucleotide sequence at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (a) or (b);

d) a polynucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12 or a fragment of at least 8 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12;

e) a polynucleotide that is complementary to the polynucleotides set forth in (a), (b), (c), or (d);

f) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under low, intermediate or high stringency with a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e);

g) a genetic construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e);

h) a vector comprising a polynucleotide or genetic construct as set forth in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g);

i) a host cell comprising a vector as set forth in (h), a genetic construct as set forth in (g), or a polynucleotide as set forth in any one of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e);

j) a transgenic plant, plant cell, or plant part comprising a vector as set forth in (h), a genetic construct as set forth in (g) or a polynucleotide as set forth in any one of (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e); or

k) a probe comprising a polynucleotide according to (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) and, optionally, a label or marker.

The subject invention also provides genetic constructs comprising: a) a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or a fragment thereof; b) a polynucleotide sequence having at least about 20% to 99.99% identity to a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, wherein said polypeptide has at least one of the biological activities of a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or a fragment thereof; c) a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least about 20% to 99.99% identity to a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, wherein said polypeptide has at least one of the biological activities of a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, or a fragment thereof; d) a polynucleotide sequence encoding a fragment of a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15, wherein said fragment has at least one of the activities of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13 or 15; e) a polynucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, or 14; f) a polynucleotide sequence having at least about 20% to 99.99% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, or 14; g) a polynucleotide sequence encoding multimeric construct; or h) a polynucleotide that is complementary to the polynucleotides set forth in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), or (g). Genetic constructs of the subject invention can also contain additional regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers and, optionally, selectable markers.

Also within the scope of the subject instant invention are vectors or expression cassettes containing genetic constructs as set forth herein or polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, set forth supra, operably linked to regulatory elements. The vectors and expression cassettes may contain additional transcriptional control sequences as well. The vectors and expression cassettes may further comprise selectable markers. The expression cassette may contain at least one additional gene, operably linked to control elements, to be co-transformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) and control element(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. Such expression cassettes are provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the sequences of the invention to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette(s) may additionally contain selectable marker genes operably linked to control elements.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a DNA sequence of the invention, and transcriptional and translational termination regions. The transcriptional initiation region, the promoter, may be native or analogous, or foreign or heterologous, to the host cell. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By “foreign” is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is not found in the native plant into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcriptional initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

Another aspect of the invention provides vectors for the cloning and/or the expression of a polynucleotide sequence taught herein. Vectors of this invention, including vaccine vectors, can also comprise elements necessary to allow the expression and/or the secretion of the said nucleotide sequences in a given host cell. The vector can contain a promoter, signals for initiation and for termination of translation, as well as appropriate regions for regulation of transcription. In certain embodiments, the vectors can be stably maintained in the host cell and can, optionally, contain signal sequences directing the secretion of translated protein. These different elements are chosen according to the host cell used. Vectors can integrate into the host genome or, optionally, be autonomously-replicating vectors.

The subject invention also provides for the expression of a polypeptide or peptide fragment encoded by a polynucleotide sequence disclosed herein comprising the culture of a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide of the subject invention under conditions that allow for the expression of the polypeptide and, optionally, recovering the expressed polypeptide.

The disclosed polynucleotide sequences can also be regulated by a second nucleic acid sequence so that the protein or peptide is expressed in a host transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule. For example, expression of a protein or peptide may be controlled by any promoter/enhancer element known in the art. Promoters which may be used to control expression include, but are not limited to, the CMV-IE promoter, the SV40 early promoter region (Benoist and Chambon 1981), the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980), the herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982); prokaryotic vectors containing promoters such as the β-lactamase promoter (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978), or the tac promoter (deBoer et al., 1983); see also “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Scientific American, 1980, 242:74-94; plant expression vectors comprising the nopaline synthetase promoter region (Herrera-Estrella et al., 1983) or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter (Gardner et al., 1981), and the promoter of the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (Herrera-Estrella et al., 1984); promoter elements from yeast or fungi such as the Gal 4 promoter, the ADC (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter, PGK (phosphoglycerol kinase) promoter, and/or the alkaline phosphatase promoter.

The vectors according to the invention are, for example, vectors of plasmid or viral origin. In a specific embodiment, a vector is used that comprises a promoter operably linked to a protein or peptide-encoding nucleic acid sequence contained within the disclosed polynucleotide sequences, one or more origins of replication, and, optionally, one or more selectable markers (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene). Expression vectors comprise regulatory sequences that control gene expression, including gene expression in a desired host cell. Exemplary vectors for the expression of the polypeptides of the invention include the pET-type plasmid vectors (Promega) or pBAD plasmid vectors (Invitrogen) or those provided in the examples below. Furthermore, the vectors according to the invention are useful for transforming host cells so as to clone or express the polynucleotide sequences of the invention.

The invention also encompasses the host cells transformed by a vector according to the invention. These cells may be obtained by introducing into host cells a nucleotide sequence inserted into a vector as defined above, and then culturing the said cells under conditions allowing the replication and/or the expression of the polynucleotide sequences of the subject invention.

The host cell may be chosen from eukaryotic or prokaryotic systems, such as for example bacterial cells, (Gram negative or Gram positive), yeast cells (for example, Saccharomyces cereviseae or Pichia pastoris), animal cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells), plant cells, and/or insect cells using baculovirus vectors. In some embodiments, the host cells for expression of the polypeptides include, and are not limited to, those taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,319,691, 6,277,375, 5,643,570, or 5,565,335, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all references cited within each respective patent.

Furthermore, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Expression from certain promoters can be elevated in the presence of certain inducers; thus, expression of the genetically engineered polypeptide may be controlled. Furthermore, different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification (e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation) of proteins. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the desired modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. For example, expression in a bacterial system can be used to produce an unglycosylated core protein product. Expression in yeast will produce a glycosylated product. Expression in mammalian cells can be used to ensure “native” glycosylation of a heterologous protein. Furthermore, different vector/host expression systems may effect processing reactions to different extents.

Also provided are transformed plant cells, transgenic seeds, transgenic plant parts and transgenic plants which contain one or more polynucleotide sequence, genetic construct, vector, or expression cassette comprising one or more of the polynucleotides disclosed herein, or biologically active fragments thereof, operably linked to control elements. As used herein, the term “plant” includes algae and higher plants (including, but not limited to trees). Thus, algae, monocots, and dicots may be transformed with genetic constructs of the invention, expression cassettes, or vectors according to the invention. In certain preferred embodiments, tobacco plants or tobacco cell lines are transformed with genetic constructs according to the subject invention.

Thus, polypeptides useful in the production of the compositions or immunization protocols discussed in this application can be derived or obtained from a transgenic plant cell that has been genetically engineered to express a polypeptide comprising (consisting essentially of or consisting of) SEQ ID NO: 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, or fragments thereof. See, for example, U.S. Patent Pub. No: 2004/0268442 A1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Transgenic plant is herein defined as a plant cell culture, plant cell line, plant tissue culture, lower plant, monocot plant, dicot plant, or progeny or part thereof derived from a transformed plant cell or protoplast, wherein the genome of the transformed plant contains foreign DNA, introduced by laboratory techniques, not originally present in a native, non-transgenic plant cell of the same species. The terms “transgenic plant” and “transformed plant” have sometimes been used in the art as synonymous terms to define a plant whose DNA contains an exogenous DNA molecule. Where appropriate, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides set forth herein can be optimized for expression in the transformed plants, plant cells or plant parts. That is, the genes can be synthesized using species-preferred codons corresponding to the species of interest. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing for example, plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831 and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989), herein incorporated by reference.

Construction of gene cassettes for expressing polypeptides in plants is readily accomplished utilizing well known methods, such as those disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989); and Ausubel et al. (1987).

In preparing the constructs of this invention, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Adapters or linkers may be employed for joining the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like.

In carrying out the various steps, cloning is employed, so as to amplify a vector containing the promoter/gene of interest for subsequent introduction into the desired host cells. A wide variety of cloning vectors are available, where the cloning vector includes a replication system functional in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and a marker which allows for selection of the transformed cells. Illustrative vectors include pBR322, pUC series, pACYC184, Bluescript series (Stratagene) etc. Thus, the sequence may be inserted into the vector at an appropriate restriction site(s), the resulting plasmid used to transform the E. coli host (e.g., E. coli strains HB101, JM101 and DH5α), the E. coli grown in an appropriate nutrient medium and the cells harvested and lysed and the plasmid recovered. Analysis may involve sequence analysis, restriction analysis, electrophoresis, or the like. After each manipulation, the DNA sequence to be used in the final construct may be restricted and joined to the next sequence, where each of the partial constructs may be cloned in the same or different plasmids.

Vectors are available or can be readily prepared for transformation of plant cells. In general, plasmid or viral vectors should contain all the DNA control sequences necessary for both maintenance and expression of a heterologous DNA sequence in a given host. Such control sequences generally include a leader sequence and a DNA sequence coding for translation start-signal codon, a translation terminator codon, and a DNA sequence coding for a 3′ UTR signal controlling messenger RNA processing. Selection of appropriate elements to optimize expression in any particular species is a matter of ordinary skill in the art utilizing the teachings of this disclosure. Finally, the vectors should desirably have a marker gene that is capable of providing a phenotypical property which allows for identification of host cells containing the vector.

The activity of the foreign coding sequence inserted into plant cells is dependent upon the influence of endogenous plant DNA adjacent the insert. Generally, the insertion of heterologous genes appears to be random using any transformation technique; however, technology exists for producing plants with site specific recombination of DNA into plant cells (see WO 91/09957). Any method or combination of methods resulting in the expression of the desired sequence or sequences under the control of the promoter is acceptable.

The present invention is not limited to any particular method for transforming plant cells. Technology for introducing DNA into plant cells is well-known to those of skill in the art. Four basic methods for delivering foreign DNA into plant cells have been described. Chemical methods (Graham and van der Eb, 1973; Zatloukal et al., 1992); physical methods including microinjection (Capecchi, 1980), electroporation (Wong and Neumann 1982; Fromm et al., 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253) and the gene gun (Johnston and Tang, 1994; Fynan et al., 1993); viral methods (Clapp, 1993; Lu et al., 1993; Eglitis and Anderson 1988; Eglitis et al., 1988); and receptor-mediated methods (Curiel et al., 1991; Curiel et al., 1992; Wagner et al., 1992).

The introduction of DNA into plant cells by means of electroporation is well-known to those of skill in the art. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as pectin-degrading enzymes, are used to render the recipient cells more susceptible to transformation by electroporation than untreated cells. To effect transformation by electroporation one may employ either friable tissues such as a suspension culture of cells, or embryogenic callus, or immature embryos or other organized tissues directly. It is generally necessary to partially degrade the cell walls of the target plant material with pectin-degrading enzymes or mechanically wounding in a controlled manner. Such treated plant material is ready to receive foreign DNA by electroporation.

Another method for delivering foreign transforming DNA to plant cells is by microprojectile bombardment. In this method, microparticles are coated with foreign DNA and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Such micro particles are typically made of tungsten, gold, platinum, and similar metals. An advantage of microprojectile bombardment is that neither the isolation of protoplasts (Cristou et al., 1988) nor the susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection is required. An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into maize cells by acceleration is a Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen onto a filter surface covered with corn cells cultured in suspension. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are preferably concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate. In bombardment transformation, one may optimize the prebombardment culturing conditions and the bombardment parameters to yield the maximum numbers of stable transformants. Both the physical and biological parameters for bombardment are important in this technology. Physical factors are those that involve manipulating the DNA/microprojectile precipitate or those that affect the flight and velocity of either the microprojectiles. Biological factors include all steps involved in manipulation of cells before and immediately after bombardment, the osmotic adjustment of target cells to help alleviate the trauma associated with bombardment, and also the nature of the transforming DNA, such as linearized DNA or intact supercoiled plasmids.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system for introducing foreign DNA into plant cells because the DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, eliminating the need to regenerate an intact plant from a protoplast. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art. See, for example, the methods described in Fraley et al. (1985) and Rogers et al. (1987). Further, the integration of the Ti-DNA is a relatively precise process resulting in few rearrangements. The region of DNA to be transferred is defined by the border sequences, and intervening DNA is usually inserted into the plant genome as described in Spielmann et al. (1986) and Jorgensen et al. (1987).

Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations. Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate construction of vectors capable of expressing various proteins or polypeptides. Convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes are suitable for present purposes. In addition, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for the transformations.

Transformation of plant protoplasts can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., 1985; Marcotte et al., 1988). Application of these systems to different plant species depends on the ability to regenerate the particular species from protoplasts.

Once the plant cells have been transformed, selected and checked for antigen expression, it is possible in some cases to regenerate whole fertile plants. This will greatly depend on the plant species chosen. Methods for regenerating numerous plant species have been reported in the literature and are well known to the skilled artisan. For practice of the present invention, it is preferable to transform plant cell lines that can be cultured and scaled-up rapidly by avoiding the generally lengthy regeneration step. In addition, the use of plant cell cultures avoids open field production and greatly reduces the chances of gene escape and food contamination. Tobacco suspension cell cultures such as NT-1 and BY-2 (An, 1985) are preferred because these lines are particularly susceptible to handling in culture, are readily transformed, produce stably integrated events and are amenable to cryopreservation.

The tobacco suspension cell line, NT-1, is suitable for the practice of the present invention. NT-1 cells were originally developed from Nicotiana tabacum L.cv. bright yellow 2. The NT-1 cell line is widely used and readily available; though, any tobacco suspension cell line is consistent with the practice of the invention. NT-1 cells suitable for use in the examples below are available from the American Type Culture Collection under accession number ATCC No. 74840. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,075, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Many plant cell culture techniques and systems ranging from laboratory-scale shaker flasks to multi-thousand liter bioreactor vessels have been described and are well know in the art of plant cell culture. See for example Fischer, R. et al (1999) and Doran, P. (2000). After the transformed plant cells have been cultured to the mass desired, they are harvested, gently washed and placed in a suitable buffer for disruption. Many different buffers are compatible with the present invention. In general the buffer is an aqueous isotonic buffered salt solution at or near a neutral pH value, with or without detergent to solubilize membrane-bound proteins. Preferred buffers include Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS containing 1 mM EDTA, and MOPS (3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid).

In one embodiment, cells can be disrupted by sonication. The washed cells are placed in buffer in a range of about 0.01 mg/ml to about 5.0 mg/ml, preferably in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 0.5 mg/ml (washed wet weight cells per volume of buffer). Many commercially available sonication instruments are consistent with the invention and sonication times range from about 5 to about 20 seconds, preferably about 15 to about 20 seconds. The resulting cell fragments may range in size from a few microns to several hundred microns and expose the polypeptide or immunogenic fragments thereof.

The subject invention also concerns DNA vaccine compositions that can be employed to elicit an immune response or a protective immune response. In this aspect of the invention, an amount of a composition comprising recombinant DNA or mRNA encoding a polypeptide as provided herein (or a fragment thereof) is administered to an individual in an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response or protective immune response in said individual. Signal sequences may be deleted from the nucleic acid encoding an antigen of interest and the individual may be monitored for the induction of an immune response according to methods known in the art. A “protective immune response” or “therapeutic immune response” refers to a CTL (or CD8⁺ T cell), an HTL (or CD4⁺ T cell), and/or a protective humoral immune response to an antigen that, in some way, prevents or at least partially arrests disease symptoms, side effects or progression. In the context of this invention, such a protective or therapeutic response provides increased survival rates (reduced mortality) in immunized individuals as compared to non-immunized individuals or a reduction in viral shedding in immunized individuals challenged with West Nile virus.

In another embodiment, the subject invention further comprises the administration of polynucleotide (DNA) vaccines in conjunction with a polypeptide antigen, or composition thereof, of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the antigen is the polypeptide that is encoded by the polynucleotide administered as the polynucleotide vaccine. As a particularly preferred embodiment, the polypeptide antigen is administered as a booster subsequent to the initial administration of the polynucleotide vaccine.

A further embodiment of the subject invention provides for the induction of an immune response to the novel West Nile virus antigens disclosed herein (see, for example, the polypeptides and peptide fragments set forth herein) using a “prime-boost” vaccination regimen known to those skilled in the art. In this aspect of the invention, a DNA vaccine or polypeptide antigen of the subject invention is administered to an individual in an amount sufficient to “prime” the immune response of the individual. The immune response of the individual is then “boosted” via the administration of: 1) one or a combination of: a peptide, polypeptide, and/or full length polypeptide antigen of the subject invention (optionally in conjunction with a immunostimulatory molecule and/or an adjuvant); or 2) a viral vector that contains nucleic acid encoding one, or more, of the same or, optionally, different, antigen constructs, and/or peptide antigens set forth herein. In some alternative embodiments of the invention, a gene encoding an immunostimulatory molecule may be incorporated into the viral vector used to “boost the immune response of the individual. Exemplary immunostimulatory molecules include, and are not limited to, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-15, 11-16, 11-18, IL-23, IL-24, erythropoietin, G-CSF, M-CSF, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), MSF, FLT-3 ligand, EGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF; e.g., aFGF (FGF-1), bFGF (FGF-2), FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-5, FGF-6, or FGF-7), insulin-like growth factors (e.g., IGF-1, IGF-2); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); interferons (e.g., IFN-γ, IFN-α, IFN-β); leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF); oncostatin M; stem cell factor (SCF); transforming growth factors (e.g., TGF-α, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3), or chemokines (such as, but not limited to, BCA-1/BLC-1, BRAK/Kec, CXCL16, CXCR3, ENA-78/LIX, Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-2/MPIF-2, Exodus-2/SLC, Fractalkine/Neurotactin, GROalpha/MGSA, HCC-1, I-TAC, Lymphotactin/ATAC/SCM, MCP-1/MCAF, MCP-3, MCP-4, MDC/STCP-1, ABCD-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2α/GROβ, MIP-3α/Exodus/LARC, MIP-3β/Exodus-3/ELC, MIP-4/PARC/DC-CK1, PF-4, RANTES, SDF1α, TARC, or TECK). Genes encoding these immunostimulatory molecules are known to those skilled in the art and coding sequences may be obtained from a variety of sources, including various patents databases, publicly available databases (such as the nucleic acid and protein databases found at the National Library of Medicine or the European Molecular Biology Laboratory), the scientific literature, or scientific literature cited in catalogs produced by companies such as Genzyme, Inc., R&D Systems, Inc, or InvivoGen, Inc. [see, for example, the 1995 Cytokine Research Products catalog, Genzyme Diagnostics, Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge Mass.; 2002 or 1995 Catalog of R&D Systems, Inc (Minneapolis, Minn.); or 2002 Catalog of InvivoGen, Inc (San Diego, Calif.) each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, including all references cited therein].

Methods of introducing DNA vaccines into individuals are well-known to the skilled artisan. For example, DNA can be injected into skeletal muscle or other somatic tissues (e.g., intramuscular injection). Cationic liposomes or biolistic devices, such as a gene gun, can be used to deliver DNA vaccines. Alternatively, iontophoresis and other means for transdermal transmission can be used for the introduction of DNA vaccines into an individual.

Viral vectors for use in the subject invention can have a portion of the viral genome deleted to introduce new genes without destroying infectivity of the virus. The viral vector of the present invention is, typically, a non-pathogenic virus. At the option of the practitioner, the viral vector can be selected so as to infect a specific cell type, such as professional antigen presenting cells (e.g., macrophage or dendritic cells). Alternatively, a viral vector can be selected that is able to infect any cell in the individual. Exemplary viral vectors suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to poxvirus such as vaccinia virus, avipox virus, fowlpox virus, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus (such as Ankara or MVA [Modified Vaccinia Ankara]), retrovirus, adenovirus, baculovirus and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the viral vector is Ankara or MVA.

General strategies for construction of vaccinia virus expression vectors are known in the art [see, for example, Smith and Moss, 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,846 (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)]. Sutter and Moss (1992) and Sutter et al. (1994) disclose the construction and use as a vector, a non-replicating recombinant Ankara virus (MVA) which can be used as a viral vector in the present invention.

Compositions comprising the subject polynucleotides can include appropriate nucleic acid vaccine vectors (plasmids), which are commercially available (e.g., Vical, San Diego, Calif.) or other nucleic acid vectors (plasmids), which are also commercially available (e.g., Valenti, Burlingame, Calif.). Alternatively, compositions comprising viral vectors and polynucleotides according to the subject invention are provided by the subject invention. In addition, the compositions can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., saline. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and also are commercially available. For example, such acceptable carriers are described in E. W. Martin's Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.

Example 1 Optimization of Nucleic Acid Sequence for Expression in Plants

Background To obtain higher levels of expression of a heterologous gene in plants, it may be preferred to re-engineer the protein-encoding sequence of the gene so that it is more efficiently expressed in plant cells. Tobacco is one such plant where it may be preferred to re-design the heterologous protein coding region prior to transformation to increase the expression level of the gene and the level of encoded protein in the plant. Therefore, an additional step in the design of a gene encoding a mammalian virus protein is re-engineering of a heterologous gene for optimal expression.

One motive for the re-engineering of a gene encoding a mammalian virus protein for expression in tobacco is due to the non-optimal G+C content of the native mammalian virus gene. For example, the low G+C content of many native mammalian virus gene(s) (and consequent skewing towards high A+T content) results in the generation of sequences mimicking or duplicating plant gene control sequences that are known to be highly A+T rich. The presence of some A+T-rich sequences within the DNA of gene(s) introduced into plants (e.g., TATA box regions normally found in gene promoters) may result in aberrant transcription of the gene(s). On the other hand, the presence of other regulatory sequences residing in the transcribed mRNA (e.g., polyadenylation signal sequences (AAUAAA), or sequences complementary to small nuclear RNAs involved in pre-mRNA splicing) may lead to RNA instability. Therefore, one goal in the design of genes encoding a mammalian virus protein for tobacco expression, more preferably referred to as plant optimized gene(s), is to generate a DNA sequence having a G+C content close to that of the average of tobacco gene coding regions. Another goal in the design of the plant optimized gene(s) encoding a mammalian virus protein is to generate a DNA sequence in which the sequence modifications do not hinder translation.

The G+C content of the coding regions of 1343 tobacco genes is calculated to be 43.6%. It is therefore preferred, when designing a heterologous gene encoding a mammalian virus protein, to attain a G+C content close to about 44%.

Due to the plasticity afforded by the redundancy/degeneracy of the genetic code (i.e., some amino acids are specified by more than one codon), evolution of the genomes in different organisms or classes of organisms has resulted in differential usage of redundant codons. This “codon bias” is reflected in the mean base composition of protein coding regions. For example, organisms with relatively low G+C contents utilize codons having A or T in the third position of redundant codons, whereas those having higher G+C contents utilize codons having G or C in the third codon position. It is thought that the presence of “minor” codons within an mRNA may reduce the absolute translation rate of that mRNA, especially when the relative abundance of the charged tRNA corresponding to the minor codon is low. An extension of this concept is that the diminution of translation rate by individual minor codons would be at least additive for multiple minor codons. Therefore, mRNAs having high relative contents of minor codons would have correspondingly low translation rates. This rate would be reflected by subsequent low levels of the encoded protein.

To assist in engineering genes encoding a mammalian virus protein for expression in tobacco (or in another plant, such as cotton, maize, or soybean), the codon bias of tobacco genes (or other relevant plant genes) can be determined. The codon bias for tobacco gene protein coding regions is represented by the statistical codon distribution that the plant uses for coding its proteins, and is shown in Table 1, expressed as the frequency (in percentages) with which each codon specifying a single amino acid is used to encode that amino acid. The codons most preferred by the plant are determined, as well as the second, third, or fourth choices of preferred codons when multiple choices exist. A new DNA sequence can then be designed which encodes the amino acid sequence of the mammalian virus protein, but the new DNA sequence differs from the native mammalian virus DNA or RNA sequence (encoding the protein) by the substitution of the plant (first preferred, second preferred, third preferred, or fourth preferred) codons to specify the appropriate amino acid at each position within the protein amino acid sequence. The new sequence can then be analyzed for restriction enzyme recognition sites that might have been created by the modifications. The identified sites are further modified by replacing the relevant codons with first, second, third, or fourth choice preferred codons. Other sites in the sequence which could affect transcription or translation of the gene of interest include the exon:intron junctions (5′ or 3′), poly A addition signals, or RNA polymerase termination signals. The modified sequence is further analyzed and further modified to reduce the frequency of TA or CG doublets, and to increase the frequency of TG or CT doublets. In addition to these doublets, sequence blocks that have more than about five consecutive residues of [G+C] or [A+T] can affect transcription or translation of the sequence. Therefore, these sequence blocks are also modified by replacing the codons of first or second choice, etc. with other preferred codons of choice. Rarely used codons are not included to a substantial extent in the gene design, being used only when necessary to accommodate a different design criterion than codon composition per se (e.g. addition or deletion of restriction enzyme recognition sites).

The method described above enables one skilled in the art to design modified gene(s) that are foreign to a particular plant so that the genes are optimally expressed in plants. The method is further described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831 and patent application WO 97/13402.

Thus, in order to design plant optimized genes encoding a mammalian virus protein, a DNA sequence is designed to encode the amino acid sequence of said protein utilizing a redundant genetic code established from a codon bias table compiled from the gene sequences for the particular plant or plants. The resulting DNA sequence has a higher degree of codon diversity, a desirable base composition, can contain strategically placed restriction enzyme recognition sites, and lacks sequences that might interfere with transcription of the gene, or translation of the product mRNA. Thus, synthetic genes that are functionally equivalent to the proteins/genes of the subject invention can be used to transform hosts, including plants. Additional guidance regarding the production of synthetic genes can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831.

Once said DNA sequence has been designed on paper or in silico, actual DNA molecules can be synthesized in the laboratory to correspond in sequence precisely to the designed sequence. Such synthetic DNA molecules can be cloned and otherwise manipulated exactly as if they were derived from natural or native sources.

Design of tobacco biased coding regions for WNV prM-M-E peptides. The entire genomic sequence of a flamingo isolate of the West Nile Virus is disclosed as GenBank Accession AF196835. The 2004 base pairs (bp) DNA sequence of the portion of the native viral genome that encodes the prM-, M- and E-peptides of the virus are represented in SEQ ID NO: 1 by nucleotides 1-276 (prM-peptide), 277-501 (M-peptide), and 502-2004 (E-peptide) [SEQ ID NO: 1 comprises bases 466 to 2469 of AF196835]. For the purposes of this example, the native nucleotide sequence will be referred to as Version 1. The amino acid sequences of the prM-, M- and E-peptides encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1 are presented as SEQ ID NO: 2. Examination of the native genomic DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 revealed the presence of several sequence motifs that are thought to be detrimental to optimal plant expression, as well as a non-optimal codon composition for expression in tobacco. To improve production of these recombinant proteins in tobacco, a “tobacco-optimized” DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) was developed that encodes the prM-, M-, and E-peptides of SEQ ID NO: 2

The prM-, M-, and E-peptides (SEQ ID NO: 2) encoded by the native coding region sequence in SEQ ID NO: 1 and by the tobacco-optimized coding region in SEQ ID NO: 3 are identical. In contrast, the native viral DNA sequence and the tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding the prM-, M- and E-peptides are only 78.7% identical.

Design of tobacco biased coding regions for WNV prM-M-E peptides with modified N-glycosylation site. It is known within the field of plant protein biochemistry that various sugars or oligosaccharides may be attached to protein molecules (such process being collectively referred to as glycosylation), and that the composition and presentation of such sugar moieties may affect the antigenicity of the protein when introduced into mammals. It is further known that the short amino acid sequences Asparagine-Xaa-Serine, and Asparagine-Xaa-Threonine (abbreviated as Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr or N-X-S/T, where Xaa and X represent any of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins) can serve as acceptor sites for glycosylation linkages on proteins, wherein the sugars are attached to the Asn (N) residue. The N-glycosylation acceptor sequence Asn-Tyr-Ser is found as amino acids 321 to 323 in SEQ ID NO: 2, and is a known N-glycosylation site for the E-peptide. SEQ ID NO: 4 discloses a tobacco-optimized DNA sequence encoding the prM, M- and E-peptides, wherein the DNA sequence encoding the N-glycosylation acceptor sequence Asn-Tyr-Ser of the native E-peptide has been mutated to encode Asn-Tyr-Pro. Thus, the only difference between SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 is the substitution of a proline CCA codon for the AGC Serine codon at bases 967 to 969. The amino acid sequence of the mutated protein, lacking the N-glycosylation acceptor sequence, and encoded by SEQ ID NO: 4, is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 5.

Tobacco biased WNV M- and E-peptides coding region Version 2. For some utilities, it is desirable to utilize a DNA sequence that encodes only the M- and E-peptides of the West Nile Virus. For expression in tobacco cells, it is sufficient to use the portion of SEQ ID NO: 3 that encodes these peptides (i.e. bases 277-2004 of SEQ ID NO: 3). Thus, the sequence of a tobacco-biased coding region encoding the WNV M- and E-peptides is presented as SEQ ID NO: 6. This sequence encodes residues 93-668 of SEQ ID NO: 2. The native viral DNA sequence encoding the M- and E-peptides (bases 277-2004 of SEQ ID NO: 1) and the tobacco-optimized DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, which also encodes the M- and E-peptides, are only 78.4% identical, while the encoded proteins are 100% identical.

Design of tobacco-biased WNV M- and E-peptides coding region Version 3. It is often desirable and advantageous to introduce more than a single copy of a gene encoding a protein into a plant cell in order to produce higher levels of the desired protein. The separate copies of the protein coding region may be introduced with each copy under the expression controls of separate promoters and associated transcriptional control elements, or they may be introduced as a unit under the expression control of a single, bidirectional plant promoter. In either instance it is desirable and advantageous that the separate protein coding regions have non-identical DNA sequences. There are two or more biological reasons why this is so. First, it is known that large duplicated DNA sequences are unstable in many bacterial strains used as molecular cloning hosts (e.g. Escherichia coli) or in plant transformation (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). Thus, the provision of non-identical coding regions specifying identical proteins lessens the opportunity for deleterious rearrangements and/or deletions to occur during these manipulations. Second, it is thought that the expression of duplicated, highly homologous coding regions in transgenic plants may suffer through mechanisms such as gene silencing. The introduction of non-identical coding regions specifying identical proteins thus provides greater opportunity for higher levels of (and more stable) protein production.

Using the principals outlined above, a second tobacco-optimized coding region for the WNV M- and E-peptides was designed and is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 7. It is emphasized that the protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 7 is identical to that encoded by bases 277-2004 of the native sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (i.e. residues 93-668 of SEQ ID NO: 2), and which is also encoded by the previous tobacco-optimized version disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 6. Comparisons of the second tobacco-optimized sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 7 to bases 277-2004 of the native sequence in SEQ ID NO: 1, and to the first tobacco-optimized version in SEQ ID. NO: 6, reveals that it is 74.6% identical to the corresponding native WNV sequence, and 69.4% identical to the first tobacco-optimized version. Thus, it is apparent that one may generate substantial DNA sequence diversity between different plant-optimized coding region designs, while still remaining within the constraints of the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein, overall codon composition, and the absence of sequences that may be detrimental to plant gene expression. This feature of the invention is illustrated in Table 2, which presents the differential codon compositions of the three disclosed DNA sequences.

Further modifications of the tobacco-optimized WNV prM-, M- and E-peptides coding regions. It is known to those skilled in the field of transgenic plant gene expression that the accretion levels of heterologous proteins are dependent on many variables, one of which is the intracellular location to which the protein is directed during or after translation. Moreover, it is further known that the translocation of a heterologous protein into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can have a positive effect on accumulation of the protein, and that a heterologous protein can be targeted for accumulation within the ER by the addition of a short ER targeting peptide to the amino terminus of the protein. The 15 kiloDalton (kDa) zein proteins of maize possess such an ER targeting peptide, and it has been shown that attachment of a 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide to the amino terminus of a heterologous protein can result in the trafficking of that protein to the ER of monocot cells as well as dicot cells. The most straight-forward method by means of which to attach the ER targeting peptide to the amino terminus of a heterologous protein is to construct a protein coding region that encodes both elements (the ER targeting peptide and the protein coding region) in a single open reading frame which when translated generates a (chimeric) fusion protein containing both domains. It is further known to those skilled in the field that certain short peptide sequences, when present at the carboxy-terminus of ER-localized proteins, can dictate the retention of those proteins within the ER, thus providing for efficient protein accumulation and glycosylation within the ER. One such ER retention signal peptide is the amino acid sequence Lysine-Aspartic Acid-Glutamic Acid-Leucine (abbreviated as KDEL). Thus, one may facilitate the translocation of a heterologous protein to the ER and its retention within the ER by constructing a single open reading frame that encodes all three elements (the ER targeting peptide sequence, the heterologous protein coding region sequence, and the ER retention signal sequence), and which when translated produces a (chimeric) fusion protein that contains all three domains in the listed order from the amino-terminus to the carboxy terminus.

It is also well known to those in the field of transgene expression in plants that certain nucleotide sequence elements flanking (or included within) a coding region for a heterologous protein can affect the translation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the heterologous protein. One such sequence element that affects translation of the mRNA is the nucleotide sequence surrounding the translation start codon AUG (ATG in the DNA code). In dicot plants, including tobacco, it is known that an optimal translation start sequence context includes the nucleotides GC immediately following the ATG. In the universal genetic code, GCN represents codons specifying Alanine. Thus, an optimal translational start codon context is specified as ATGGCN (encoding Methionine-Alanine). It is further known that an optimal sequence context preceding the translational start codon ATG in dicot mRNAs is represented by AAACA. Finally, it is essential that the open reading frame encoding a protein be terminated with at least one translational termination codon (i.e. TGA, TAA or TAG in the universal DNA genetic code), and even more preferable that multiple translation termination codons be present in not only the same reading frame as the protein coding region (termed the +1 frame), but also in the other five reading frames possible in double-stranded DNA.

SEQ ID NO: 8 discloses the DNA sequence of a complete tobacco-optimized chimeric protein coding region that incorporates the elements mentioned above, comprising a tobacco-optimized sequence encoding the 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, a tobacco-optimized prM-. M- and E-peptides coding region (disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 3), and a tobacco-optimized KDEL ER retention signal. The chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 8 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 9. The ER targeting signal encoded by SEQ ID NO: 8 and presented in SEQ ID NO: 9 differs from the native maize 15 kDa zein ER targeting peptide sequence by the addition of an Alanine residue at position #2, to accommodate the consensus translational start codon sequence context described above.

SEQ ID NO: 10 discloses the DNA sequence of a second complete tobacco-optimized chimeric protein coding region that incorporates the elements mentioned above, comprising a tobacco-optimized sequence encoding the 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, a tobacco-optimized prM-, M- & E-peptides coding region including a mutated N-glycosylation acceptor site as disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 4, and a tobacco-optimized KDEL ER retention signal. The ER targeting signal encoded by SEQ ID NO: 10 is the same as that disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 8. The chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 10 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 11

SEQ ID NO: 12 discloses the DNA sequence of a third complete tobacco-optimized chimeric protein coding region that incorporates the elements mentioned above, comprising a tobacco-optimized sequence encoding the 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, a tobacco-optimized M- & E-peptides coding region as disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 6, and a tobacco-optimized KDEL ER retention signal. The ER targeting signal encoded by SEQ ID NO: 12 is the same as that disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 8. The chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 12 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 13.

SEQ ID NO: 14 discloses the DNA sequence of a fourth complete tobacco-optimized chimeric protein coding region that incorporates the elements mentioned above, comprising a tobacco-optimized sequence encoding the 15 kDa zein ER targeting signal peptide, a tobacco-optimized M- & E-peptides coding region as disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a tobacco-optimized KDEL ER retention signal. The ER targeting signal encoded by SEQ ID NO: 14 is the same as that disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 8. The chimeric fusion protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 14 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 15.

DNA molecules comprising the DNA sequences disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 14 were synthesized by a commercial vendor (PicoScript; Houston, Tex.) and the resultant molecules were cloned into plant expression and transformation vectors by standard molecular biological techniques.

Example 2 Plant Expression Vector Construction

Dicot Binary Constructs. Three dicot binary vectors, pDAB2475, pDAB2478, and pDAB2481, for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation were constructed based on plasmids pDAB2406, pDAB2418, and pDAB2407. pDAB2406 (FIG. 1) contains the cassaya vein mosaic virus (CsVMV) promoter described in WO 97/48819 and an open reading frame 3′ untranslated region, ORF23 3′UTR (GenBank accession number X00493) v1. Located between the CsVMV promoter and ORF23 3′UTR v1 are unique sites, NcoI and SacI, which were used for inserting the gene of interest. pDAB2418 (FIG. 2) contains the RB7 matrix attachment region (MAR) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,689; U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,695; U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,328, WO 94/07902, and WO 97/27207) and the plant transcription unit where plant selection marker phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,879,903; 5,637,489; 5,276,268; and 5,273,894) is driven by the AtUbi10 promoter (Sun C.-W. et al., 1997; Norris, S. R. et al., 1993; Callis, J. et al, 1995) and flanked, downstream by AtuORF1 3, UTR v3 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,147; Barker, R. F., et al., 1983; GenBank accession number X00493). A unique NotI site, located between the RB7 MAR gene and the plant AtUbi10 promoter, was used for cloning gene fragments from pDAB2406 containing the CsVMV promoter, gene of interest, and ORF23 3′UTR v1.

A modified basic binary vector, pDAB2407 (FIG. 3), was built by adding an AgeI linker at the unique BamHI site of pBBV allowing for AgeI/AgeI ligation of the WNV antigen and selectable marker expression cassettes between the T-DNA borders.

West Nile Virus dicot binary vector, pDAB2475 (FIG. 4), encodes a chimeric protein consisting of tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus membrane and envelope peptide (version 2) with ER targeting v2 and KDEL retention v3 signals (SEQ ID NO 12). More specifically, the plant transcription unit (PTU) includes: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kDa zein ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/AtuORF1 3′ UTR v3/T-DNA Border A. As obtained from PicoScript in Stratagene's Bluescript vector, the primary construct was designated as DASPICO20. To isolate the 15 kDa ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3 gene from its Bluescript backbone vector, DASPICO20 was digested with NcoI/SacI and was then inserted into pDAB2406 plasmid at the NcoI and SacI sites by T4 ligase, where the gene fragment was sandwiched between the CsVMV promoter v2 and the ORF23 3 UTR v1, resulting in intermediate vector pDAB2473. To verify a clone with the proper insert, isolated DNA was cut with NcoI/SacI, identified by gel electrophoresis, and bulked up. The CsVMV promoter expression cassette containing ER signal-WNV ME v2-KDEL and ORF23 3′UTR was removed from pDAB2473 with NotI and was T4 ligated at the NotI site of pDAB2418, downstream of the RB7 MARv3 and upstream of the AtUbi10 promoter v2-PAT v3-AtuORF1 3′UTR selectable marker cassette forming the plant transcription units (PTU) in intermediate vector pDAB2474. The PTU components were then excised from pDAB2474 using AgeI digestion and ligated in reverse orientation at the AgeI site of pDAB2407 which resulted in the final dicot binary vector, pDAB2475, where the PTU elements are flanked by T-DNA borders A and B.

The dicot binary vector, pDAB2478 (FIG. 5), encodes a chimeric protein consisting of the tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus pre-membrane v2, membrane and envelope peptides v2 with ER targeting v2 and KDEL retention v3 signals (SEQ ID NO 8). More specifically, the two PTU include: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kDa zein ER signal v2-prMEv2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/AtuORF1 3′ UTR v3/T-DNA Border A. As obtained from PICOSCRIPT in Stratagene's Bluescript vector, the primary construct was designated as DASPICO21. To isolate the ER signal v2-prME v2-KDEL v3 gene from its backbone vector, DASPICO21 was digested with NcoI/SacI. The ER signal v2-prME v2-KDEL v3 gene fragment was then T4 ligated into pDAB2406 plasmid at the NcoI and SacI sites where the gene fragment was flanked by the CsVMV promoter and ORF23 3′ UTR resulting in intermediate vector pDAB2476. To verify a clone with proper insert, isolated DNA was cut with NcoI/SacI, identified by gel electrophoresis, and bulked up. The CsVMV promoter expression cassette containing ER signal v2-prME v2-KDEL v3 and ORF23 3′UTR was removed from pDAB2476 with NotI and ligated using T4 ligase at the NotI site of pDAB2418, downstream of the RB7 MARv3 gene and upstream of the AtUbi10 promoter v2-PAT v3-AtuORF1 3′UTR selectable marker cassette forming the plant transcription units (PTU) of intermediate construct pDAB2477. The PTU components were then excised from pDAB2477 with AgeI, gel purified, and ligated in reverse orientation at the AgeI site of pDAB2407, which resulted in the final dicot vector, pDAB2478, where the PTU components are flanked by T-DNA borders A and B.

The dicot binary vector, pDAB2481 (FIG. 6), encodes a chimeric protein consisting of the tobacco codon biased West Nile Virus pre-membrane v2, membrane v2, and envelope peptides with a mutated N-glycosylation site (version 4) with ER targeting v2 and KDEL v3 retention signals (SEQ ID NO 10). More specifically, the PTU units include: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kDa zein ER signal v2-WNV prM v2 E v4 with mutated N-glycosylation site—KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/AtuORF1 3′ UTR v3/T-DNA Border A. As obtained from PICOSCRIPT in Stratagene's Bluescript vector, the primary construct was designated as DASPICO22. To isolate the ER signal v2-WNV prM v2 E v4 with mutated N-glycosylation site-KDEL v3 gene from its backbone vector, DASPICO22 was digested with NcoI/SacI and gel purified. The ER signal v2-WNV prM v2 E v4 with mutated N-glycosylation site-KDEL v3 gene fragment was then inserted by T4 ligase into pDAB2406 plasmid at the NcoI and SacI sites, where the gene fragment was sandwiched between the CsVMV promoter v2 and the ORF23 3′ UTR v1 resulting in intermediate vector pDAB2479. To verify a clone with insert, isolated DNA was cut with NcoI/SacI, identified by gel electrophoresis, and bulked up. The CsVMV promoter expression cassette containing ER signal v2-WNV prM v2 E v4 with mutated N-glycosylation site-KDEL v3 and ORF23 3′UTR was removed from pDAB2479 with NotI and was ligated at the NotI site of pDAB2418, downstream of the RB7 MARv3 gene and upstream of the AtUbi10 promoter v2-PAT v3-AtuORF1 3′UTR selectable marker cassette forming the PTU components of intermediate construct pDAB2480. The PTU units were then excised from pDAB2480 with AgeI, gel purified, and ligated in reverse orientation at the AgeI site of pDAB2407, which resulted in the final dicot vector, pDAB2481, where the PTU cassette is flanked by T-DNA borders A and B. All final constructs were verified initially by restriction digest, followed by sequencing between the T-DNA borders, which confirmed actual and expected sequence were identical.

Gateway™ Dicot Binary Constructs. Gateway™ Technology (Invitrogen) was used for cloning the following nine WNV ME dicot binary vectors which contain multiple versions of ME peptide, promoters, and orientation of the gene of interest relative to the promoter and UTR. Both the destination and donor vectors were made following Invitrogen's Gateway™ Technology protocol. One destination vector, pDAB3736 (FIG. 7), and four donor vectors, pDAB3912 (FIG. 8), pDAB3914 (FIG. 9), pDAB3916 (FIG. 10), and pDAB3724 (FIG. 11) make up the backbone of the Gateway™ constructs used to build these nine binary constructs.

Destination vector pDAB3736 was derived from pDAB2407 (FIG. 3) and contains attR sites which recombine with an entry clone in an LR clonase reaction to generate an expression clone. Additionally, pDAB3736 has multiple copies of T-DNA Border A. Within the Border A and Border B regions, there is an RB7 matrix attachment region (MAR) and Gateway™ cloning sites attR1 and attR2. Entry vector pDAB3912 (FIG. 8) contains the CsVMV promoter and ORF23 3′UTR cassette. Located between the promoter and UTR are NcoI and SacI sites where the gene of interest was inserted. The cassette is flanked by Gateway™ cloning sites attL1 and attL2 for generation of entry clones. Another entry vector, pDAB3914 (FIG. 9), contains the AMAS 4OCS promoter (AtuMas promoter) v4 (Genbank accession number X00493) and ORF23 3′UTR cassette. Again, between the promoter and UTR are cloning sites, NcoI and SacI, where the gene of interest was inserted. The cassette is flanked by Gateway™ attL1 and attL2 sites. Like the other donor vectors, pDAB3916 (FIG. 10) is a Gateway™ construct which contains AtUbi10 promoter and ORF23 3′UTR cassette. Between the promoter and UTR are NcoI and SacI sites, where the gene of interest was inserted. The cassette is flanked by Gateway™ cloning sites attL1 and attL2. Gateway donor vector, pDAB3724 (FIG. 11), contains the CsVMV promoter sequentially followed by Nt Osmotin 5′ UTR v3 (Genbank accession number S40046), β-Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene (Jefferson, 1987), and Nt Osm 3′ UTR v3 (Genbank accession number S40046). These elements are flanked by Gateway™ attL1 and attL2 sites. Restriction sites, NcoI and SacI, bordering the GUS gene were used for replacing GUS with the gene of interest.

Gateway™ WNV ME binary vector, pDAB3920 (FIG. 12), contains the PTU units: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/WNV ME v2/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. Amplification of the WNV ME v2 peptide was accomplished by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ER v2 targeting and KDEL v3 retention sequences from DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) were removed from the ME peptide by using PCR primers (Forward: 5′ aga gaa cta gta aaa agg aga aat cca tgg ctt ccc tga cag tgc aaa ctc atg 3′; Reverse: 5′ Ccc tcg agg gag ctc tta tca ctt age atg aac att tac ag 3′) that primed only to the WNV ME v2 sequence and consisted of an NcoI site in the forward primer and a SacI site in the reverse primer. The WNV ME v2 PCR product was cloned directly into pCR2.1 TOPO vector using Invitrogen's TOPO TA cloning protocol to form pDAB3918. The WNV ME v2 gene was then isolated using NcoI and SacI digestion from the TOPO backbone and ligated using T4 ligase at the NcoI/SacI site of pDAB3912 to form the entry clone, pDAB3919. pDAB3919 was LR Clonased into pDAB3736 to form pDAB3920.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3922 (FIG. 13), contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/AtuMAS 4OCS promoter v4/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. The ER signal v2-ME v2-KDEL v3 peptide of DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from its backbone plasmid with NcoI and SacI. The excised gene fragment was then inserted at the NcoI/SacI site of pDAB3914 to form entry clone, pDAB3921, with the gene of interest sandwiched between the AtuMAS 4OCS promoter v4 and ORF23 3′ UTR v1. pDAB3921 was then LR Clonased into pDAB3736 destination vector to form expression and binary vector, pDAB3922.

Gateway™ West Nile Virus binary vector, pDAB3924 (FIG. 14), contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/At Ubi10 promoter (Genbank Accession no L05363) v2/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. The ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3 peptide of DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from its backbone plasmid with NcoI and SacI. The excised gene fragment was then inserted at the NcoI/SacI site of pDAB3916 to form entry clone, pDAB3923, with the gene of interest sandwiched between the At Ubi10 v2 promoter and ORF23 3′ UTR v1. pDAB3923 was then LR Clonased with pDAB3736 destination vector to form dicot binary vector, pDAB3924.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3927 (FIG. 15), contains the following PTU elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kDa zein ER signal v2-WNV ME v2/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. Amplification of the ER signal v2-WNV ME v2 peptide was accomplished by PCR. The KDEL v3 retention sequence from DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from the ME v2 peptide by using PCR primers (Forward: 5′ cat gcc atg gct aag atg gtc att gtg ctt gtt gtg tgc 3′; Reverse: 5′ ccc tcg agg gag ctc tta tca ctt agc atg aac att tac ag 3′) that primed only to the ER signal v2-WNV ME v2 sequence and consisted of an NcoI site in the forward primer and a SacI site in the reverse primer for cloning purposes. The ER signal v2-WNV ME v2 PCR product was cloned directly into pCR2.1 TOPO vector using Invitrogen's TOPO TA cloning protocol to form pDAB3925. The ER signal v2-WNV ME v2 gene was then isolated using NcoI and SacI from its TOPO backbone plasmid and was ligated using T4 ligase at the NcoI/SacI site of pDAB3912 to form the entry clone, pDAB3926. pDAB3926 was LR Clonased with destination vector, pDAB3736, to form the final binary vector pDAB3927.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3929 (FIG. 16), contains the following PTU units: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/Nt osm 5′ UTR v3/15 kDa zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Nt osm 3′ UTR v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. The ER signal v2-ME v2-KDEL v3 peptide of DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from its backbone plasmid with NcoI and SacI. The excised gene fragment was then inserted at the NcoI/SacI site of pDAB3724 (FIG. 11) using T4 ligase to form entry clone, pDAB3928, with the gene of interest sandwiched between the CsVMV/Nt osm 5′ UTR and Nt osm 3′ UTR v3/ORF23 3′UTR. LR clonase reaction with pDAB3928 and pDAB3736 destination vector resulted in the production of binary vector, pDAB3929.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3934 (FIG. 17), contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/ORF25/26 3′UTR/KDELv3/WNV ME v3/15 kDa zein ER signal v2 (SEQ ID NO 14)/AtuMAS 4OCS promoter v4/15 kD zein ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. For generation of this construct, a multiple step cloning process included amplification of the ORF 25/26 poly A UTR from construct p501 (Murai and Kemp, 1982) using primers (Forward: 5′ ccc aag ctt ggg tgt cca aca gtc tca ggg tta atg tc 3′; Reverse: ccca agct tgg g tgg cac gtg agg tcc atg egg ctg c) that contained HindIII sites flanking the PCR product. The ORF25/26 poly A PCR product was then cloned into a pCR2.1 TOPO vector to produce pDAB3930. The ER signal v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3 of DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from its backbone plasmid with NcoI and SacI and was inserted into pDAB3914 at the NcoI/SacI site using T4 ligase to form pDAB3931. SacII was used to remove the ER signal v2-WNV ME v3-KDEL of DASPICO72 (PicoScript, SEQ ID NO 14) from its Bluescript backbone and the gene fragment was then inserted in pDAB3931 at the SacII site in reverse orientation to form pDAB3932. HindIII was used to excise ORF 25/26 poly A PCR product from pDAB3930. The ORF25/26 Poly A UTR was then inserted in reverse orientation into pDAB3932 at its HindIII site to form entry clone, pDAB3933. pDAB3933 was LR Clonased into pDAB3736 to form the expression and binary vector, pDAB3934.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3941 (FIG. 18), contains the following PTU components: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMV promoter v2/15 kD zein ER v2-WNV ME v2-KDEL v3/Atu ORF23 3′UTR v1/AtUbi3 promoter v2/15 kD zein ER v2-WNV ME v3-KDELv3/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. This multiple step cloning process included amplifying the AtUbi3 v2 promoter from another construct using primers (Forward: 5′ ccc aag ctt ata aga atg cgg ccg cta aac tat agc ttc gga ttt gga gcc aag tc 3′; Reverse: 5′ ccg ctc gag cgg tcc ccg cgg gga gct gaa ata aaa caa tag aac aag tag 3′) that contained HindIII/NotI sites at the 5′ end of PCR product and SacI/XhoI sites flanking the PCR product at the 3′ end. The AtUbi3 v2 PCR product was then cloned into pCR2.1 TOPO vector to make plasmid pDAB3935. An XhoI linker (Sense: cgatccgctcgagcggtagg; Antisense: gtg acc cta ccg etc gag egg atc gag ct) was added to pDAB2406 at the SacI/BstEII site to introduce an XhoI site between the CsVMV v2 promoter and ORF23 3′UTR v1 to make vector, pDAB3936. pDAB3936 was then cut with XhoI and HindIII to remove the CsVMV promoter and retain the backbone vector. PCR product, AtUbi3 v2 promoter, from pDAB3935 was cut with HindIII and XhoI and ligated into pDAB3936 backbone at the HindIII/XhoI site, making pDAB3937. The ER signal v2-ME v2-KDEL v3 peptide of DASPICO20 (SEQ ID NO 12) was removed from its backbone plasmid with NcoI and SacI and ligated into pDAB3912 at the NcoI/SacI site to form plasmid vector, pDAB3939. The ER signal v2-WNV ME v3-KDEL v3 peptide of DASPICO72 (SEQ ID NO 14) was removed from its Bluescript backbone plasmid with SacII-XhoI and was inserted into pDAB3937 at the SacII/XhoI sites to construct pDAB3938. The AtUbi3/ER signal v2-ME v3-KDEL v3/ORF23 gene cassette from pDAB3938 was then excised with NotI and inserted into pDAB3939 at the NotI site to form entry clone, pDAB3940. LR clonase reaction with pDAB3940 and destination vector, pDAB3736, resulted in the formation of dicot binary vector, pDAB3941.

Gateway™ binary vector, pDAB3943 (FIG. 19), contains the following elements: T-DNA Border B/RB7 MAR v3/CsVMVv2/WNV M v2 E with modified glycosylation site (v5)/Atu ORF23 3′ UTR v1/AtUbi10 promoter v2/PAT v3/Atu ORF1 3′ UTR v3/Multiple T-DNA Border A. The cloning process included removing the mutated N-glycosylation site region of the WNV prM v2 E v4 peptide of DASPICO22 (SEQ ID NO 10) using AccI and AvrII restriction enzymes and ligating into pDAB3919 (refer to pDAB3920 cloning strategy) at the AccI/AvrII sites to establish the entry clone, pDAB3942. pDAB3942 was LR Clonased into destination vector, pDAB3736, to make the final dicot binary plasmid, pDAB3943.

All final Gateway binary constructs were verified initially by restriction digest, followed by sequencing between the T-DNA borders, which confirmed actual and expected sequence were identical

Example 3 Transformation of Agrobacterium with Plant Expression Vectors

Independently, 1.5-3 μg of plasmid DNA for each WNV construct were added to 50 μl of Electromax® LBA4404 Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and gently mixed. The mixture was transferred to cold 0.2 cm Gene Pulser® cuvettes (BioRad Hercules, Calif.) and placed on ice. The cuvettes were then placed in a cold Gene Pulser® rack (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) and electroporated at the following conditions:

Capacitance Output 25 μFarad Capacitance Extender 960 μFarad Resistance 200 ohms Voltage 2.5 kVolts

Immediately after electroporation, 950 μl of SOC medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) was added and the mixture was transferred to a Falcon 2059 tube (Becton Dickinson and Co., Franklin Lakes, N.J.) or equivalent. The transformed cells were then incubated at 28° C. for 1 hour. After incubation, 50 μl, 100 μl, and 200 μl of cells were plated on separate YEP medium plates (10 g yeast extract, 10 g peptone, 5 g NaCl, 10 g sucrose, and 15 g agar in 1 Liter of water) containing antibiotics as appropriate. The plates were grown inverted at 28° C. for approximately 36-48 hours. Single colonies were picked and propagated in 50 ml of liquid YEP (10 g yeast extract, 10 g peptone, 5 g NaCl, and 10 g sucrose in 1 Liter of water), containing antibiotics as appropriate, at 28° C. for approximately 36 hours. Following the Qiagen® low copy mini-prep protocol (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), purified plasmid DNA was prepared from the bacterial cultures. DNA integrity was evaluated by restriction digest. Clones with the expected banding patterns were identified and glycerol stocks were prepared by adding 500 μl of bacterial culture to 500 μl of sterile glycerol (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and inverting to mix. Glycerol stocks were frozen on dry ice and stored at −80° C.

Example 4 Stable Transformation of Nicotiana Tabacum Cell Cultures for Expression of WNV Proteins

Nicotiana tabacum NT-1 cell cultures were maintained aseptically on a one-week subculture cycle, by adding 2 ml of the NT-1 culture or 1 ml of packed cells into 40 ml NT-1 B media (Table 3) in a 250 ml flask. The suspensions were maintained in the dark at 25±1° C. at 125 rpm.

In preparation for NT-1 culture transformation, a 50% glycerol stock of Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the expression vector of interest was used to initiate a liquid bacterial culture by adding 20-500 μl of glycerol stock to 30 ml YEP liquid medium (10 g yeast extract, 10 g peptone, 5 g NaCl, and 10 g sucrose in 1 liter of water) containing 50 mg/l spectinomycin and 100 μM acetosyringone. The bacterial culture was incubated in the dark at 28° C. at 150-200 rpm until the OD₆₀₀ was 0.5-0.6. This took approximately 18-20 hrs.

On the day of transformation, four days after NT-1 subculture, 20 mM acetosyringone (in ethanol) was added to cell suspensions at a concentration of 1 μl per ml of NT-1 culture. The NT-1 cells were wounded to increase transformation efficiency by drawing them up and down 20 times through a sterile 10 ml standard-bore pipet. Four milliliters of the suspension was transferred into each of 10, 60×20 mm Petri plates. One plate was set aside to be used as a non-transformed control. To each of the remaining 9 plates, 100 μl of Agrobacterium suspension was added. The plates were wrapped with parafilm and incubated in the dark at 100 rpm and 25±1° C. for 3 days.

Transgenic events were also created by an alternative method that did not use acetosyringone in either growth of the Agrobacterium culture nor was it used during the plant cell transformation process. Four milliliters of the tobacco suspension (unwounded) was transferred into each of 10, 100×25 mm Petri plates. To each of 9 plates, 100 μl of Agrobacterium suspension at OD₆₀₀=1.5±0.2 was added, again keeping 1 plate as a non-transformed control. The plates were swirled to mix, wrapped in parafilm and cultured in the dark at 25±1° C. for 3 days without being shaken.

Following the co-cultivation period for either transformation method, all liquid was removed with the cells then resuspended in 8 ml NTC medium (NT-1 B medium containing 500 mg/l carbenicillin, added after autoclaving). One milliliter aliquots of suspension were distributed to each of 8 Petri plates (100×25 mm) containing NTC+B5 medium [NTC medium solidified with 8 g/l TC Agar, supplemented with 5 mg/l phosphinothricylalanyalanine sodium (bialaphos) after autoclaving]. All selection plates, either wrapped with parafilm or left unwrapped, were maintained in the dark at 25-28° C. Before wrapping, liquid was removed from any plates that were excessively wet.

After 2 to 8 weeks, putative transformants appeared as small clusters of callus on a background of dead, non-transformed cells. These viable calli were transferred to fresh NTC+B5 medium, assigned identification numbers, and maintained as individual transformation events. The plates were left unwrapped, incubated in the dark at 28±1° C., and the events were subcultured onto fresh NTC+B5 medium every 2 weeks for a total of 3 passages, after which the carbenicillin was removed from the medium for future subcultures. Portions of each putative transformant were used for protein expression analysis. Selected events were bulked up as callus and established in suspension culture.

Suspensions were initiated by transferring 500 mg of 7-day old, proliferating transgenic callus into a 125-mL flask containing 20 ml NT1B+10 mg/l bialaphos. The cells and liquid were mixed by pipetting 3-5 times with a 50 ml pipet to break up tissue then agitated on a shaker at 130 rpm in the dark at 25±1° C. The suspensions were subcultured on a weekly basis by transferring 1 ml of packed cells into 20 ml NT1B with 10 mg/l bialaphos in a 125 ml flask. The suspensions were maintained in the dark at 25±1° C. at 125 rpm.

Example 5 WNV Protein Expression Analysis

Inactivated WNV reference standard. Reference antigen was prepared by modification of a published method (Blitvich, et al., 2003). WNV was inoculated at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 0.01 into VERO cells in five roller bottles and incubated on a roller rack at 37° C. Two identical bottles of uninoculated VERO cells were fed with the same growth medium (medium 199 with Earles salts, 5% fetal bovine serum, Penicillin/Streptomycin) and incubated under the same conditions. After five days, the inoculated and uninoculated cells were scraped from the inside of their bottles. The medium and cells were placed in 50 ml centrifuge tubes and pelleted at 2000 rpm. Supernatant was discarded and the cells were pooled in 15 ml of growth medium and frozen at −80° C. in 5 equal aliquots.

One tube of infected and one tube of control cells were thawed at 37° C. The cells were pelleted at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes and washed twice in 6 ml of ice-cold borate saline buffer (120 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM boric acid, 24 mM sodium hydroxide, pH 9.0), with centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C. The cells were resuspended in 900 μl of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, then 100 μl of Triton X-100 and 2 ml of borate saline buffer were added to the suspension. The suspension was sonicated at 20% output for 30 seconds on ice, transferred to Eppendorf tubes and centrifuged at full speed in a microcentrifuge for 10 minutes. Finally, supernatants were transferred to clean Eppendorf tubes, 500 μl per tube, and frozen at −80° C. Eppendorf tubes containing the WNV-infected material were labeled “WNV/VERO Antigen”. Eppendorf tubes containing the uninoculated control cells were labeled “Control VERO Antigen”.

Inactivation of WNV was verified by inoculating 50 μl and 25 μl amounts of WNV/VERO Antigen onto monolayers of VERO cells in 150 cm² flasks, incubating for 5-6 days, then passing the medium onto fresh VERO cells and incubating 6 days. Some VERO cell damage, attributed to the detergent used for inactivation, was observed in the first passage. Absence of cytopathic effects in the second passage indicated successful viral inactivation.

West Nile Virus E Protein Western Blot. A Western blot protocol was developed for detecting E protein using commercially available antibodies. Inactivated West Nile Virus (WNV/VERO Antigen, at 5.1 μg/ml) was prepared in Leammli sample buffer (125 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 40 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol) and separated by SDS-PAGE on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Proteins were transferred to 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membrane by electroblot. Membrane blots were blocked in blocking buffer (WesternBreeze Blocker/Diluent (part A and B), Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) followed by incubation with a West Nile Virus monoclonal antibody for at least 1 hour (Mab8151 Ms X West Nile/Kunjin Virus, Chemicon International., Temecula, Calif. diluted 1:5000 in blocking buffer or WNV Monoclonal Antibody 7H2, affinity purified, BioReliance Invitrogen BioServices, Rockville, Md., 75 μg/ml in PBS-glycerol diluted 1:500 in blocking buffer). Following three 5 minute wash steps (WesternBreeze Wash Solution (16×), Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), blots were incubated in detection antibody. For alkaline phosphatase detected blots, a goat anti-mouse alkaline phosphotase labeled antibody (Catalog Number 075-1806, KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) was diluted in blocking buffer at 1:1000. For horseradish peroxidase detected blots, a goat anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase labeled antibody (Catalog Number 074-1806, KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) was diluted in blocking buffer at 1:1000. Following incubation with detection antibody, blots were washed and developed with the appropriate substrate: NBT/BCIP Phosphatase Substrate (Catalog Number 50-81-08, KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.) for alkaline phosphatase detection or Pierce SuperSignal (Catalog Number 34080, Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) for horseradish peroxidase to visualize the bands.

West Nile Virus E Protein ELISA. Nunc Maxisorp 96-well microtiter ELISA plates were prepared by Beacon Analytical Systems Inc. (Portland, Me.) by coating plates with Equine anti-WNV (Novartis #215-006, Webster Veterinary Supply, Sterling, Mass.) at a concentration of 2 μg/ml in carbonate buffer, 100 μl per well. Plates were blocked with 1% BSA (Serologicals Corporation Inc., Norcross, Ga.) in PBST (1×PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, Sigma Cat. No. P-1379), dried, and packed for storage at 4° C. The day of the assay, plates were warmed to room temperature prior to loading samples. WNV reference antigen (WNV/VERO Antigen, at 5.1 μg/ml) was diluted to 200 ng/ml in PBST. Plant samples were pre-diluted in PBST. The diluted reference antigen and test antigen samples were added to the plate by applying 200 μl of sample to duplicate wells in row A and 100 μl of blocking buffer to remaining wells. Serial 2 fold dilutions were made by mixing and transferring 100 μl per well; for a total of 7 dilutions and a blank for the reference antigen and 4 or more dilutions for test samples. Plates were then incubated 1 hour at room temperature. Plates were washed 3× in PBST. Monoclonal antibody (WNV Monoclonal Antibody 7H2, affinity purified, BioReliance Invitrogen BioServices, Rockville, Md., 75 μg/ml in PBS-glycerol) was diluted 1:500 in 1% BSA-PBST and added at 100 μg/well followed by incubation for 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed 3× with PBST. Goat anti-Mouse IgG peroxidase-labeled antibody conjugate (BioRad 170-6516, Hercules, Calif.) diluted 1:10,000 in 1% BSA-PBST was added at 100 μl/well and plates were incubated 1 hour at room temperature. The plates were washed 3× in PBST and 100 μl of TMB substrate (BioFX Laboratories Inc., Cowings, Md.) was added to each plate and incubated at room temperature for approximately 5-10 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 1N HCl. Optical density was read at 450 nm minus a 650 nm wavelength reference using a Vmax Kinetic Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was transported to SoftMaxPro 4.0 software and the standard curve was fit to a 4 parameter logistic equation for sample quantitation.

Screening Putative Transformants. Callus samples were collected from putative transformants (Example 4) in duplicate at day 7 and day 14 after subculture. For each sample, 200 μl callus was collected from a homogenized pool of callus using a 1 ml syringe (BD, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) with the tip cut off. Samples were collected into 96 well cluster tube boxes (1.2 ml tubes, Costar, Corning, N.Y.), frozen on dry ice and stored at −80° C.

At the time of analysis, samples were extracted in 0.1% DBDM (n-Dodecyl b-D-maltoside, Sigma D4611) in PBS using a Kleco bead beater (Garcia Machine, Visalia, Calif.). Two steel BB's (Daisy 4.5 mm) were added to each tube along with 200 μl of DBDM-PBS. Samples were agitated at maximum speed for 4 minutes followed by a 10 minute centrifugation at 3000×g. Supernatants were removed to new tubes. The resulting pellet was re-extracted (200 μl buffer, 4 minutes agitation, 10 minute spin). Supernatants from both extractions were pooled and used for analysis. Samples from 14 day callus were analyzed in a 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 dilution series. For confirmation of expression ranking, 7 day callus samples were analyzed at a 1:40 dilution. Results of expression screening of events from constructs pDAB2475, pDAB2478, and pDAB2481 are summarized in FIGS. 20-22. Comparison of top expressing events between the 3 vectors (FIG. 23) indicated a significantly higher E protein recovery potential from pDAB2475.

Samples from select events of these constructs were also analyzed by Western blot (day 14 callus). Differences in the banding patterns between constructs were evident. From many of the pDAB2475 events, full-length E protein was detected at the expected ˜54 kDa size (FIG. 24). Other bands ˜35 kDa and smaller were also reproducibly detected. Fewer events expressing the full-length E protein were detected with pDAB2478 and pDAB2481 constructs (FIGS. 25 and 26).

FIG. 27 is a comparative representation of E protein expression from the remaining 8 constructs. All demonstrated expressed E protein in tobacco plant cells, as detected by ELISA. Additionally, Western blot analysis revealed full-length E protein as well as truncations (FIGS. 28-30).

Example 6 Scale-Up of Plant-Cell-Produced WNV Antigens

Cell Culture Scale-up and Fermentation. Transformants from the pDAB2475 and pDAB2481 constructs, expressing full-length E protein were identified for scale-up. Nicotiana tobacum NT1 suspension cultures of individual events were scaled up from 20 ml working volume in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask to 70 ml and then 140 ml total volume in a 250 ml flask based on “flask packed cell volume”. Flask packed cell volume was determined after a 7 day incubation period by aspirating a 10 ml sample under aseptic conditions from a well mixed flask into a serological pipette to a final volume of 10 ml. After 30 seconds of static settling, the volume of the cells in the pipette was multiplied by 10 and recorded as the “flask packed cell volume” to differentiate the measurement from a centrifugal packed cell volume (PCV) measurement. The normal range for flask packed cell volume was variable (15-60%) for individual events, but if a packed cell volume of ≧15% was not achieved within 14 days, the event was discontinued.

Culture maintenance and scale-up was performed by transferring cells from a 7 day flask to a final flask packed cell volume of 5%. For cultures with a 50% packed cell volume, the inoculum transfer volume was 10% v:v. All Erlenmeyer flask cultures were incubated at 26° C. on an orbital shaker with a 2″ stroke length at 120 rpm for 7 days. Fermentations utilizing the 2,800 ml Fernbach flask (working volume 1,000 ml) were conducted on an orbital incubator/shaker with a 2″ stroke length at 110 rpm for 7 days at 26° C. Fermentations conducted in 101 Braun Biostat C 10 liter fermentors were initiated at an agitation speed of 200 rpm, an air flow of 4 liters per minute, and a vessel temperature of 26° C. Dissolved oxygen was maintained above 30% by a PID control loop that automatically increased the agitation rate between 200 and 450 rpm.

To assess and characterize the fermentor-grown cultures, in-process 10 ml samples were collected in 15 ml graduated centrifuge tubes under aseptic conditions at 24 hour intervals. Of each sample, 10 μl was struck for isolation on tryptic soy agar for assessment of foreign growth. Petri plates were incubated at 30° C. for two days, and then scored for the presence of bacterial or fungal growth. Samples containing foreign growth were verified by light microscopy at 1,000× magnification in subsequent sample collections. Fermentors that were verified to contain foreign growth were autoclaved and the cultures appropriately discarded.

The remainder of each fermentation sample was centrifuged at 2,500×g for 10 minutes to separate the plant cells from the cell culture liquid. The PCV was determined by direct observation of the volume (ml) of packed cells in the tube following centrifugation. The final volume measurement was multiplied by 10 and recorded as the PCV at the time point of collection. Approximately 3-4 ml of the clear supernatant phase from the tube was transferred into a 3 ml syringe and filtered (Corning PTFE #431231) into a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. The contents of the tube were analyzed for glucose, pH, acetate, ortho-phosphate, ammonia, sodium, potassium, and lactate using the Bioprofile 300A Biochemistry Analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Boston, Mass.).

For total soluble protein and recombinant protein concentration, the remaining sample of supernatant and packed cells was treated by adding 2-3 mm stainless steel shot, and then placing the 15 ml sample tube in a Geno Grinder for 2 minutes at maximum agitation rate. The cell free fraction was collected after centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the pellet fraction was resuspended in a buffer consisting of PBS, pH 6.8, with 0.1% β-D-dodecyl maltoside. The resuspended pellet was placed back into the Geno Grinder and agitated for 2 minutes. Following centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant fractions were pooled and assayed for total soluble protein using the Bradford method. Extracts were also analyzed for WNV E protein by ELISA and Western blot (see Example 5).

Events from two constructs, pDAB2475 and pDAB2481, were scaled to 10 L stirred tank reactors. A summary of the fermentation batches is presented in Table 4.

Time-based measurements of recombinant protein production in fermentors indicated that the highest volumetric titer was produced at 188 hours for event 1622-207 and 172 hours for event 1702-525. Harvest criteria based on optimum volumetric productivity were developed based on changes in: (1) residual glucose in the fermentor, (2) packed cell volume, (3) respiratory gas analysis, (4) dissolved oxygen, and (5) pH (FIGS. 31-33). The optimum harvest time based on volumetric productivity was similar for all events, and occurred 46 hours after the depletion of glucose. The depletion of carbon source(s) corresponded to an increase in pH from 5.90±0.12−log H⁺ to 6.5±0.24−log H⁺, a visible darkening of the fermentation broth, and a >85% reduction in respiratory activity as evidenced by oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide evolution, and dissolved oxygen. Event 1622-207 showed a volumetric titer of 1.570±0.077 (mean±std. dev.) mg ‘E’ protein/l fermentor working volume and a productivity of 0.200±0.010 (mean±std. dev.) mg ‘E’ protein/1 fermentor working volume/day (refer to Table 4, Batch WNV-SRD05006).

The kinetics of ME and prME(−) production in N. tobacum NT-1 suspension cells were determined over a period of 9 days for recombinant West Nile Virus events 1622-207 and 1622-210 (FIG. 34). Significant losses (up to 50%) in recombinant protein were observed for fermentations that exceeded an 8 day time period (>70 hours beyond the depletion of glucose). Western blots for aged fermentation samples showed significant truncation of the ‘E’ protein, and a higher percentage of truncated and full length ‘E’ protein in the 8,000×g supernatant following cell disruption (data not shown). The downward trend in volumetric productivity that is shown in FIG. 34 may be the result of differences in the reactivity of the primary ELISA antibody with truncated ‘E’ protein, and/or an increased loss of ‘E’ protein due to changes in the protein's partitioning properties. Additional studies should be performed to investigate this phenomenon.

Example 7 Processing of Plant-Cell-Produced WNV Antigens

Downstream processing of cell cultures grown in 10 liter bioreactors consisted of six procedures that were conducted in parallel. All procedures were completed at 0-4° C. under aseptic conditions. Due to reported pH-induced changes to the quaternary structure of E protein resulting in the formation of an inactive trimer (Modis et al., 2004), the pH of all cell culture and process samples was maintained at 7.0±0.2 by using 50 mM (pH 7.5) 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS; pKa=7.2) as a standard buffer for all conditions, unless otherwise stated.

Process method 1 (PM1): The plant suspension cells were harvested from the spent medium using a layer of 30 μm Spectramesh and a 25 cm diameter Buchner funnel. The wet cake was washed with an equal volume of lysis buffer (50 mM MOPS, pH 7.5+1 mM EDTA), filter dried (70 sec. at a vacuum pressure of 25 in. water column), and then resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM MOPS, pH 7.5+1 mM EDTA) to a final concentration of 33% (w:v). The cell suspension was briefly (3 minutes) homogenized using a Silverson L4R laboratory homogenizer, fitted with a 3 cm rotor-stator head, and operated at 1,500 rpm. The pre-homogenized cells were disrupted by two passes through a Microfludics 110-L cell disrupter, which was operated at 16,000 psi (measured flow path pressure). Following centrifugal clarification of the lysate at 8,000×G for 15 min., the supernatant was decanted from the pellet (discard pellet), and stored at −20° C. until assays were performed.

Process method 2 (PM2): harvested cells were centrifuged at 8,000×G for 15 min., and the spent medium was decanted from the cell paste. The cell pellet was resuspended with 150 mL of lysis buffer, frozen at −20° C. for a minimum of 16 hours, and then thawed in a 25° C. water bath. The thawed cells were resuspended to a final concentration of 33% (w:v) in lysis buffer, and briefly (3 minutes) homogenized using a Silverson L4R laboratory homogenizer, fitted with a 3 cm rotor-stator head, and operated at 1,500 rpm. The homogenized cell slurry was disrupted at 16,000 psi by two passes through a Microfludics 110-L cell disrupter, and the lysate was clarified as described in PM1.

Process method 3 (PM3): Agrimul NRE-1406 (464 g/mol; Cognis Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio) and MOPS, pH 7.5 (final conc. 50 mM) was added directly to the harvested cell culture in a 500 mL Erlenmyer flask to a final concentration of 0.3% (w:v). The flask was stirred on a magnetic stirring plate at 100 rpm using a 5.08 cm stirring bar for 30 minutes. The cell suspension was briefly (3 minutes) homogenized using a Silverson L4R laboratory homogenizer, fitted with a 3 cm rotor-stator head, and operated at 1,500 rpm. The pre-homogenized suspension was disrupted by two passes through a Microfludics 110-L cell disrupter, which was operated at 16,000 psi. Following centrifugal clarification of the lysate at 8,000×g for 15 min., the supernatant was decanted from the pellet (discard pellet), and stored at −20° C. until assays were performed.

Process method 4 (PM4): Process method 4 followed the process described in process method 2, except that 0.3% (w:v) Deriphat 160 (Cognis Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio) was added to thawed cell paste prior to homogenization with the laboratory homogenizer. All other procedures were identical to PM2.

Process method 5 (PM5): Ammonium sulfate precipitation was conducted on the PM2 clarified fraction using three separate fractionation steps: Step 1: A 20% saturated solution (based on a temperature of 25° C.) of ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) was prepared by adding 114 g/l of (NH₄)₂SO₄ directly to the PM2 clarified fraction. The solution (measured temp=15° C.) was stirred at 100 rpm for 10 minutes and then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 25 minutes to remove precipitated proteins. The supernatant, which contained West Nile virus E protein and was referred to as the s0-20% fraction, was collected and transferred to step 2. Step 2: A 30% saturated solution of (NH₄)₂SO₄ was prepared by adding 59 g/l of (NH₄)₂SO₄ directly to the s0-20% fraction. The solution (measured temp=15° C.) was stirred at 100 rpm for 10 minutes and then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 25 minutes to remove precipitated proteins. The supernatant, which contained West Nile virus E protein and was referred to as the s20-30% fraction, was collected and transferred to step 3. Step 3: A 40% saturated solution of (NH₄)₂SO₄ was prepared by adding 62 g/l of (NH₄)₂SO₄ directly to the s20-30% fraction. The solution (measured temp=8° C.) was stirred at 100 rpm for 10 minutes and then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 25 minutes to remove precipitated proteins. The pellet acquired from the centrifugation step, which contained West Nile virus E protein and was referred to as the p30-40% precipitant, was decanted from the supernatant (discard supernatant), and stored at −20° C. until assays were performed.

Process method 7 (PM7): Process method 7 followed the process described in process method 1, except that the supernatant fraction following cell disruption and centrifugation was discarded and the particulate fraction was further processed to recover recombinant WNV proteins. The particulate fraction was diluted to a final concentration of 20% (w:v) in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.5 and 1 mM EDTA. Deriphat 160 (an amphoteric surfactant of Monosodium N-Lauryl-beta-Iminodipropionic Acid [Cognis Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio]) was added directly to the diluted suspension to achieve a detergent to total soluble protein ratio of 1.30±0.14 mg of Deriphat 160 per mg of total soluble protein. In order to expedite the primary processing steps, a correlation based on a linear equation was developed between total soluble protein in the cell free particulate fraction and the harvest packed cell volume for the fermentor. The required amount of Deriphat 160 detergent was rapidly calculated using the final centrifugal packed cell volume measurement based on Equation 1: Deriphat_(g)=% Final_(—) PCV*Sample_Vol(L)*0.0341  Equation 1

Where:

Deriphat_(g) is the amount of Deriphat 160 added to the resuspended particulate fraction.

% Final_PCV is the centrifugal PCV measurement from the cell culture as a percent.

Sample_Vol (L) is the total volume in liters of the cell culture at harvest.

0.0341=final protein concentration to harvest PCV slope conversion constant.

The suspension was homogenized using a Silverson L4R laboratory homogenizer, fitted with a 3 cm rotor-stator head, and operated at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes, and then centrifuged at 8,000×g for 25 minutes. The supernatant was decanted from the pellet (discard pellet), and stored at −20° C. until assays were performed.

All preparative (>40 ml) samples were reduced in volume by lyophilization in 3 liter stainless steel trays. Samples were transferred to a stainless steel tray and frozen at −80° C. for 16 hours, then transferred to a model 422116 Genesis Vertis lyophilizer with a condenser temperature of −44° C. and an initial shelf temperature of −10° C. The drying program consisted of 7 timed steps at the following temperatures: −10° C. for 20 minutes, −5° C. for 200 minutes, 0° C. for 400 minutes, 5° C. for 200 minutes, 10° C. for 200 minutes, 15° C. for 200 minutes, and 25° C. for 4000 minutes. The product was considered dry if the final vacuum pressure (using a shelf temperature of 25° C.) could be maintained below 100 mTorr. Dried preparative fractions from the 3 L trays were resuspended in a minimal volume (<40 ml) of sterile distilled water and then transferred to a sterile 100 mL serum vial. The vials were transferred to a −80° C. freezer on an angled (25°) freeze rack for 16 hours. The vials were dried according to the preparative drying program.

Table 5 summarizes the different samples prepared for evaluation in a clinical trial (Study I). These samples represent two plant expression constructs, three events and five process methods, along with negative and positive controls.

Example 8 Formulation of Plant-Cell-Produced WNV Antigens, Study I

Two plant expression constructs, three events and five process methods were used to generate vaccines and negative control vaccines for clinical evaluation of plant-cell-produced WNV antigens in mice. All vaccines were combined with Freund's complete adjuvant for the first dose and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for the second. Inactivated WNV was formulated for use as a positive control.

Formulation of plant-cell-produced antigen. At the initiation of vaccine formulation, preparation of 100 or 50 μg doses was preferred. Therefore, lyophilized plant material was rehydrated in the minimum amount of distilled water required to pass through a syringe needle. With a maximum of 100 μl antigen volume per dose, dose was consequently determined by solubility of the plant material (Table 6). Lyophilized antigen for treatment group 3 was insoluble and removed from the study; lyophilized antigen for group 1 was not concentrated enough to achieve the 100 μg dose in the required 100 μl volume and was also dropped from the study. Negative control preparations were rehydrated with the minimum amount of water required then brought up to approximately 1 ml with additional water.

An aliquot of rehydrated antigen was emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant (ICN 642851) using two 2 ml glass syringes and a 2⅞ inch 20 gauge micro-emulsification needle. Vaccines were kept on ice throughout, and rehydrated stock suspensions were frozen at −80° C. immediately after use. For a second use, the previously rehydrated plant material was thawed at room temperature and emulsified with an equal volume of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (ICN 642861) using the same syringes and needles as before. Emulsions were kept on ice and injected immediately following the preparation of all vaccines.

Formulation of reference antigen. From inactivated WNV reference standard (described in Example 5), Triton X-100 was removed with a Chemicon International “Detergent-OUT” spin column prior to formulation for use as a vaccine. Dose was based on WNV E protein concentration at 27.2 μg per mL (Table 6).

Example 9 Generation of WNV-Neutralizing Serum with Plant-Cell-Produced Antigens, Study I

Vaccination of mice. Female, CD-1 outbred, SPF mice (Charles River) were acquired and acclimated to the study facilities prior to vaccination. Mice were housed, 5 per cage, and identified by group number with an ear punch. On day 0, at 50 days of age, all mice received a 200 μL dose of the various treatments as described in Table 6 (Example 8). Vaccinations were delivered from a 1 ml syringe with a 27 gauge needle in four sites of 50 μL each subcutaneously in the abdominal region. Due to a delay in the availability of reagents, Group 12 mice were vaccinated one month later than the others and therefore vaccinated at 80 days of age. On day 17, mice received a second 200 μL dose of the various treatments as described in Table 6 (Example 8). Vaccinations were delivered in four sites of 50 μL each subcutaneously in the region of the abdomen. Group 12 was revaccinatedu at 14 days rather than 18. Two mice of group 4 became ill after the second vaccination and one died 30 hours later.

Serum collection. On Day 31, mice were anesthetized by brief exposure to CO₂ and exsanguinated by cardiac puncture. Blood was collected into labeled Eppendorf tubes, allowed to clot, and centrifuged to sediment remaining cells. Serum was maintained at −80° C. until the time of assaying. Group 12 mice were exsanguinated on day 28 rather than 32.

WNV Serum Neutralization Assay. All serum neutralization assays were performed in a BL-3 laboratory. Neutralization titers were measured in a constant virus, varying serum assay on VERO cells. Heat-inactivated serum (30 minutes at 56° C.) was diluted from 1:10 in 2-fold steps to 1:1280 in a microtiter plate, two wells per dilution, in Medium 199 with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Stock WNV virus, a Wyoming sage grouse isolate, was diluted to 1:10 in the same medium and an equal volume was added to the serum in each well, giving final serum dilutions of 1:20 to 1:2560. The plates were incubated for 30 minutes to allow the serum to neutralize the virus, and then 12,000 VERO cells in an equal volume of the same medium were added to every well to detect non-neutralized virus. Controls (known positive sera, uninfected wells, and virus titration) were included on a separate plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 13 days and observed microscopically at intervals for the presence of cytopathic effect (CPE).

The final assay read was at 13 days. The uninfected cell control had no CPE. Neutralization titers of the test samples were expressed as the reciprocal of the final dilution of serum present in the serum-virus mixtures a the 50% endpoint. The WNV back titration was >128 TCID₅₀ per well. Rabbit anti-WNV positive control serum had a titer of >2560. Sera from vaccinated mice had neutralization titers as shown in Table 7. By changing neutralization titers of >2560 to 2560 (the maximum titer the assay could measure) and titers of <20 to 20 (the minimum titer the assay could measure) and calculating a geometric mean titer per group, FIG. 35 was generated. FIG. 35 provides a graphical presentation of WNV serum neutralizing titers.

Student's t-test showed that Group 2 titers were statistically higher than all other groups except group 5 and that Groups 4 and 5 were not statistically different. The inactivated WNV positive control (Group 12) was measured in a separate assay with a higher endpoint dilution and therefore was not strictly comparable to the other results.

In conclusion, all preparations of plant-cell-produced WNV E protein used for vaccination, regardless of the amount of E protein present or the process method, engendered neutralizing antibodies. Negative control preparations did not engender neutralizing antibodies (Groups 8, 9, 11, and 13).

In general, the injections were well tolerated by the animals. It is not clear whether the illness and single death following the second injection of Group 4 was due to physical trauma or an adverse reaction to the antigen, the adjuvant, or other components of the vaccine.

Example 10 Generation of WNV-Neutralizing Serum with Plant-Cell-Produced Antigens, Study II

To confirm and further understand the efficacy of the plant-cell-produced WNV antigens in the mouse model, an additional group of mice were acquired and immunized with high, medium, and low doses of antigen formulated with five different adjuvants, as listed in Table 8. The transformation event and process method for antigen recovery were not varied. Event (pDAB 2475)1622-207 harvested by PM7 was exclusively used in this study.

Formulation of vaccines. Vaccine formulation was initiated by rehydrating lyophilized WNV plant extract. Sufficient water was added to each of five vials to produce a 125 μg/ml antigen solution. Rehydration was done using sterile water and using sterile needles and syringes for the water addition. The rehydrated solutions were pooled into a new sterile bottle. The solution was then homogenized by 50 passages through a sterile three-way stopcock using two sterile syringes. The homogenized solution was pooled into a new sterile bottle.

Six milliliter batches of each 25 μg/dose vaccine were prepared by first drawing 3.0 ml of antigen solution into a new sterile 10 ml disposable syringe. Next, 3.0 ml of sterilized adjuvant was drawn into a second new sterile disposable syringe. Both syringes were fitted to a new sterile three-way stopcock. The plant extract was then moved into the adjuvant syringe through the stopcock. The vaccine was emulsified by passing the vaccine between the two syringes through 50 cycles. Upon completion of the last cycle the syringe containing the vaccine was removed from the stopcock. The vaccine was transferred into sterile serum vials, sealed and labeled. Packaged vaccines were stored at 4° C. Vaccines were kept at 4° C. until used.

To formulate the 5 μg/dose vaccines, a portion of the original 125 μg/ml plant extract solution was diluted with water to produce a 25 μg/ml solution. This diluted antigen solution was used to formulate these vaccines. The procedure outlined above was repeated for each of the five test vaccines using new sterile syringes and three-way stopcocks for each vaccine.

The 0.5 μg dose vaccines were formulated using a portion of the 25 μg/ml antigen solution diluted to 5 μg/ml. This diluted antigen solution was used to formulate these vaccines. The same procedures previously outlined were used to produce the five trial vaccines at this dose level.

Titer-Max adjuvant is incompatible with neoprene rubber. Vaccines containing Titer-Max adjuvant must not be allowed to come in contact with neoprene rubber. Therefore, all plastic syringes were used during formulation and Teflon faced septa were used to seal the serum vials for the packaged vaccines.

Formulation of Plant Cell Control. Two vials of lyophilized non-transgenic NT-1 Tobacco Cell extract were rehydrated with sterile water to produce a solution similar to the 125 μg/ml antigen solution. This blank control solution was homogenized in the same manner as the antigen solution. The control vaccine was formulated using the same procedures as the 25 μg/dose vaccines. As stated earlier all plastic syringes and a Teflon faced septum were used with this vaccine.

Vaccination of mice. Female, CD-1 outbred, SPF mice (Charles River) were received from a single colony in shipping containers of 40 mice each. Mice were housed 5 per cage, acclimated to the study facilities, and their group number was identified with an ear-punch. At 10-11 weeks of age, all mice received a 200 μL dose of the various treatments as described in Table 8. Vaccinations were delivered from a 1 ml syringe with a 27 gauge needle in four sites of 50 μL each, subcutaneously in the abdominal region.

Within 48 hours after the first vaccination, it was evident that mice in groups 6-8 were reacting locally and systemically to the injection. Mice given carbopol-formulated vaccines stopped eating and drinking, huddled together, and had raised fur. These mice were not given any further vaccinations.

On day 15, mice in groups 1-5 and 9-17 received a second 200 μL dose of the various treatments as described in Table 8. Vaccinations were delivered in four sites of 50 μL each subcutaneously in the region of the abdomen. No adverse reactions were observed in these groups.

Serum collection. On day 22, mice in groups 6-8 were anesthetized by brief exposure to CO₂ and exsanguinated by cardiac puncture. On Day 28, mice in all other groups were similarly anesthetized and exsanguinated. Blood was collected into labeled Eppendorf tubes, allowed to clot and centrifuged to sediment remaining cells. Serum was maintained at ≦−80° C.

WNV Serum Neutralization Assay. All serum neutralization assays were performed in a BSL-3 laboratory. Neutralization titers were measured in a constant virus, varying serum assay on VERO cells. Heat-inactivated serum (30 minutes at 56° C.) was appropriately diluted in a microtiter plate, five wells per dilution, in DMEM with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Stock WNV virus, a Wyoming sage grouse isolate, was diluted to obtain a range of 100-300 TCID₅₀/25 μl in the same dilution medium and an equal volume was added to the serum in each well. The plates were incubated for 60 minutes to allow the serum to neutralize the virus, and then 20,000-30,000 VERO cells in 150 μl of medium were added to every well to detect non-neutralized virus. Controls (known positive sera, uninfected wells, and virus titration) were included on a separate plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 4-7 days and observed microscopically at intervals for the presence of cytopathic effect (CPE). The uninfected cell control had no CPE. The WNV back titration was 194 TCID₅₀ per well. Neutralization titers of unknowns were expressed as the reciprocal of the final dilution of serum present in the serum-virus mixtures at the dilution where cells were not infected.

Many vaccinated mice developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies and response varied with antigen dose and adjuvant (FIG. 36). Antibodies were not engendered in mice given adjuvant and NT-1 cells alone (Group 1, data not shown). It is clear that plant cell-produced WNV E protein was highly immunogenic and possesses at least one epitope required to engender neutralizing antibodies. The fact that a single injection engendered neutralizing antibodies in the mice injected with carbopol formulation (Groups 6-8) suggests that the antigen induced a protective level of IgM. Although the differences between some groups were statistically significant at p<0.05, obvious patterns were not clear due to variability inherent within the assay.

Example 11 Demonstration of Protective Efficacy of Plant-Cell-Produced Antigen in Horses

To confirm and further understand the efficacy of the plant-cell-produced WNV antigens in the equine species, horses were acquired and vaccinated with high and low doses of antigen formulated with 2 different adjuvants, as listed in Table 17. The transformation event and process method for antigen recovery were not varied. Event (pDAB 2475)1622-207 harvested by PM7 was exclusively used in this study.

Formulation of vaccines. Vaccine formulation was initiated by rehydrating lyophilized WNV plant extract, using the same lot of antigen as in Study II (Example 10). The target concentrations of the vaccines were 10 and 1 μg/ml. The lyophilized antigen was rehydrated with sterile water to 70 ml volume and 20 μg/ml concentration, based on concentration of E protein determined by ELISA prior to extract lyophilization. Following rehydration, the antigen stock solution was homogenized to provide a uniform solution. Homogenization was performed using two 20 ml syringes connected to a three way stopcock. The solution was passed back and forth between the syringes for 50 cycles then placed in a new sterile 100 ml bottle. Once homogenized, the stock was sterile filtered into a new sterile plastic bottle. Sterile filtration was performed using Millipore Sterivex—GV, 0.22 μm filter units (Lot Number H4NN92488). At this point the material was sampled using sterile techniques for both ELISA and Sterility testing. Sterility testing required two weeks to complete and confirmed the solution to be sterile within the limits of the test described below. ELISA assay confirmed the stock solution contained approximately 20 μg/ml. This concentration value was consistent with the previous values for this material.

Carbopol 974 P NF Stock solution. 1×PBS sterile buffer was prepared by first diluting 100 ml Fisher Scientific Brand PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline 10× solution (Lot No. 044924-36) to 1 liter in DI water. 500 ml of the 1×PBS was transferred into a clean 600 ml beaker fitted with a magnetic stir bar. 5.0 grams of Carbopol 974P NF (Noveon, Lot No. CC52NAB635) was dispersed into the PBS buffer using the magnetic stirrer. The mixture was agitated for 30 minutes to ensure dispersion of the powder. The agitated beaker was fitted with a pH probe, and the pH of the solution was adjusted to be within a pH range of 6.8 to 7.6 using Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 50% w/w (Fisher Brand, Lot No. 0430451-24). Once the pH was adjusted, the solution was allowed to stir for an additional 30 minutes to ensure the pH was stable. This procedure resulted in a 10 mg/ml (10,000 μg/ml) stock solution of neutralized Carbopol 974P NF. The final solution was transferred into various sizes of clean Pyrex Media Bottles and labeled. The bottles were then autoclaved for 45 minutes, 121° C., and 18 psi to ensure sterility. Upon removal from the autoclave, the bottles were sealed and allowed to cool in a hood. Prior to vaccine assembly, one bottle of Carbopol 974P NF stock solution was selected and subjected to sterility testing as described below. Polygen 30% Stock solution. Polygen is a commercially available adjuvant. The manufacturer of Polygen recommends the product be diluted to a 30% solution prior to formulation. It is also recommended that vaccines be formulated to contain 15% v/v Polygen as the adjuvant package. Polygen 30% Stock Solution was prepared in a BL2 Biosafety cabinet, by transferring 140 ml of sterile water to a sterile 250 ml polycarbonate bottle. 60 ml of Polygen (MVP Laboratories, Inc. Ralston, Nebr., Lot 10011) was added to the sterile water and mixed, resulting in a 30% Polygen solution. This solution was then transferred to a 250 ml Pyrex Media Bottle and autoclaved. Upon removal from the autoclave, the bottle was sealed and transferred to the BL2 hood and allowed to cool to room temperature. This container was tested for sterility prior to vaccine assembly. Sterile Water Sterile water was prepared by partially filling clean Pyrex Media Bottles with DI water. The bottles were then autoclaved for 45 minutes, 121° C., and 18 psi. Upon removal from the autoclave, the bottles were sealed while still warm and allowed to cool in a hood. Prior to vaccine assembly a bottle of sterile water was selected and subjected to sterility testing as described below. Sterility Testing. To ensure the axenicity of the formulated vaccines, all sterile raw materials used in the formulation, and the formulated vaccines themselves, were tested for sterility. Preparation of Agar and Petri Plates Bennett's agar was used for the sterility plating. Bennett's agar was prepared in the following manner:

Bennett's Agar Amount Yeast Extract 1.0 g/L Beef Extract 1.0 g/L NZ Amine A 2.0 g/L Glucose 10.0 g/L Agar 15.0 g/L DI Water 1.0 L

-   -   Heat on a stir plate until agar is dissolved. (Lightly covering         with foil will facilitate the heating.)     -   Fill vessels about half full, loosely cap and autoclave on         liquid cycle for 20 minutes, 121° C. and 18 psi.         100×15 mm Petri dishes were filled approximately ¾ full with         Bennett's agar and allowed to solidify. The plates were prepared         at least four days prior to the testing to ensure that they were         sterile before using in the testing.         Plating of Raw Materials and Formulated Vaccines A sterile 10 μl         inoculating loop was used to obtain a sample of the raw         ingredient or formulated vaccine being tested. The quadrant         streak method, a common microbiology technique used to obtain         single-colony isolates, was used for plating the sample. In an         effort to increase the sensitivity of the test, a second plate         was established with a 200 μl sample. The sample was uniformly         spread across the plate with a sterile cell spreader. The plates         were incubated upside down in a 30° C. incubator. They were         checked daily (except weekends) for any signs of contaminant         growth. Once the plates had remained clean for two weeks, the         plated raw material was considered sterile and ready for use.

Two to three weeks prior to the start date of the study the vaccines were assembled. Table 18 shows the calculations for this batch of vaccine and the volumes of each component used. The vaccine was assembled by first pipetting the water and the required adjuvant solution into a sterile 250 ml sterile plastic bottle. The bottle was closed and shaken to mix the two components. The bottle was then opened and the antigen added by pipette. The bottle was again closed and shaken to thoroughly mix the components. The final vaccine was transferred into sterile vials containing either 10 or 25 ml of vaccine. The septum stoppers were placed into the vials using an autoclaved pair of forceps to handle the stopper. Once the stopper was seated onto the vials, they were sealed with an aluminum crimp seal. The vials were labeled with the previously approved label and stored in the refrigerator and maintained at 2-7° C. prior to shipment. One vial of each vaccine was tested for sterility as described in the Sterility Testing section. After sterility testing was completed, the vaccine sample was evaluated for pH, density, and Osmolality. The results of the physical property testing are shown in Table 19.

Vaccination of horses. Forty-six WNV serum neutralizing antibody negative horses (males and females; 6-12 months of age; WNV SN titers≦1:20) were purchased from an outside supplier. The horses were commingled in a mosquito-proof facility and were individually identified by implanted microchips. On Study Day 0, a blood sample was taken from all horses and then all horses received 1 mL of the prescribed treatment as described in Table 17. Vaccinations were administered intramuscularly on the left side of the neck. The blood was processed into serum and stored at −20° F. for further analysis. The horses were monitored daily for any signs of adverse reactivity to the vaccination. No reactions were noted.

On Study Day 14, a blood sample was taken from all horses and then all horses received 1 mL of the prescribed treatment as described in Table 17. Vaccinations were delivered intramuscularly on the right side of the neck. The blood was processed into serum and stored at −20° F. for further analysis. The horses were monitored daily for any signs of adverse reactivity to the vaccination. No reactions were noted.

In addition to the blood samples collected on Study Days 0 and 14, blood samples were also collected from all horses on Study Days 7, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49. All blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and approximately 12 mL of blood was collected on each sample day. All blood was processed into serum and stored at −20° F. for further analysis.

WNV Serum Neutralization Assay. All serum neutralization assays were performed in a BSL-3 laboratory. Neutralization titers were measured in a constant virus, varying serum assay on VERO cells. Heat-inactivated serum (30 minutes at 56° C.) was appropriately diluted in a microtiter plate, five wells per dilution, in DMEM with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Stock WNV virus, a Wyoming sage grouse isolate, was diluted to obtain a range of 100-300 TCID₅₀/25 μl in the same dilution medium and an equal volume was added to the serum in each well. The plates were incubated for 60 minutes to allow the serum to neutralize the virus, and then 20,000-30,000 VERO cells in 150 μl of medium were added to every well to detect non-neutralized virus. Controls (known positive sera, uninfected wells, and virus titration) were included on a separate plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 4-7 days and observed microscopically at intervals for the presence of cytopathic effect (CPE). The uninfected cell control had no CPE. Neutralization titers of the test samples were expressed as the reciprocal of the final dilution of serum present in the serum-virus mixtures at the dilution where 50% of the cells were not infected. The WNV back titration was within the range of 50-300. Equine anti-WNV positive control serum had a titer range of 150-450. To calculate the geometric mean titer (GMT), titers≦2 were assigned 2 and titers ≧356 were assigned 356. Sera from vaccinated horses had neutralization titers as shown in Table 20. No serum neutralizing titers were generated in horses receiving the adjuvanted NT-1 cell control vaccines (Groups 1 and 2). Horses receiving the adjuvanted WNV E protein (Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6) generated WNV neutralizing antibody (Table 20). It is clear that plant cell-produced WNV E protein was highly immunogenic and possesses at least one epitope required to engender neutralizing antibodies.

On Study Day 101, all of the horses from Groups 1 and 3 and 2 horses from Group 2 (15 horses total) were shipped to a BSL-3 facility for challenge. On Study Day 105 all horses were challenged by the intrathecal inoculation of 107,000 plaque forming units (pfu) WNV NY99 in 1 mL of PBS. The horses were monitored twice daily for 14 days and blood samples were taken twice daily on Day 1 through 6 and once daily on Day 0 (day of challenge), 7, 10 and 14 post challenge for processing into serum and assessment of viremia. Horses demonstrating severe neurologic symptoms during the 14 day post challenge observation period were humanely euthanized by an overdose of barbiturate. All remaining horses were euthanized at the end of the study (Day 14 through 17). Horses were considered to be infected with WNV and non-protected if they had 2 consecutive positive cultures from the blood samples taken on days 0-7, 10 and 14 post challenge. Additionally, protection from disease was assessed by twice daily clinical monitoring including temperature measurement. Histopathology was performed on sections of the brain from all horses.

Viremia data are presented in Table 21. All non vaccinated control horses (Group 1 and 2) were viremic for at least 2 consecutive days during the post challenge period. No viremia was detected in any of the vaccinated horses during the post challenge monitoring period.

Temperature data are presented in Table 22. Horses were considered to be febrile if 2 consecutive temperature measurements were greater than or equal to 102.5° F. Four of the five non vaccinated control horses (Group 1 and 2) were febrile during the post challenge period. One of the control horses was not considered to be febrile based on the criterion of 2 consecutive temperature measurements of ≧102.5° F.; however, this horse had several independent febrile events and was euthanized due to severe clinical signs prior to the end of the challenge observation period. Nine of the 10 vaccinated horses in Group 3 were afebrile during the post challenge period. One of the 10 vaccinated horses (Group 3) had 2 consecutive temperature measurements ≧102.5° F.

Clinical assessment data are presented in Table 23. Horses were monitored twice daily for clinical signs of disease including lethargy, depression, tremors, decreased appetite, hypersensitivity, reluctance to move, moribund. If no signs of clinical disease were noted and the horses were clinically normal they were assessed as being bright and responsive (BAR). Horses were considered to have clinical signs of WNV if there were 2 consecutive assessments where clinical signs of disease were noted. Three of the five non vaccinated control horses (Group 1 and 2) demonstrated clinical signs of disease. The severity of these clinical signs progressed significantly and these 3 horses were humanely euthanized during the post-challenge period. Two of the 5 control horses did not demonstrate clinical signs of disease. Nine of the 10 vaccinated horses in Group 3 were asymptomatic during the post challenge period. One of the 10 vaccinated horses (Group 3) had 2 consecutive assessments where mild clinical signs of disease were evident. These clinical signs did not progress and the horse returned to BAR.

Histologic examination of 2 sections of the brain (through the pons and through the mid-medulla) was performed on each horse. The results of these histologic examinations are presented in Table 24. The histology was considered to be abnormal if both sections showed signs of mild, moderate or severe changes. Five of the five non vaccinated control horses (Group 1 and 2) were histologically abnormal with both sections examined having moderate to severe histologic changes associated with encephalitis. Three of the 10 vaccinated horses in Group 3 had abnormal histology of the 2 brain sections examined. In 2 of these horses, these abnormal findings were mild in both sections examined. One of the horses had moderate encephalitis noted. No severe lesions were evident. Seven of the 10 vaccinated horses had normal histology or only mild histologic changes in only one of the sections examined. These mild unilateral changes were not considered to be consistent with WNV infection.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

TABLE 1 Codon distribution in tobacco gene protein coding regions Tobacco Amino Acid Codon % Usage ALA (A) GCA 31.0 GCC 17.3 GCG 8.1 GCT 43.6 ARG (R) AGA 31.7 AGG 24.6 CGA 11.9 CGC 8.1 CGG 7.7 CGT 16.0 ASN (N) AAC 39.4 AAT 60.6 ASP (D) GAC 31.1 GAT 68.9 CYS (C) TGC 42.6 TGT 57.4 END TAA 42.6 TAG 19.6 TGA 37.8 GLN (Q) CAA 58.9 CAG 41.1 GLU (E) GAA 55.7 GAG 44.3 GLY (G) GGA 34.6 GGC 16.2 GGG 15.4 GGT 33.7 HIS (H) CAC 38.3 CAT 61.7 ILE (I) ATA 25.8 ATC 24.6 ATT 49.6 LEU (L) CTA 10.5 CTC 13.0 CTG 11.2 CTT 25.9 TTA 15.3 TTG 24.0 LYS (K) AAA 50.0 AAG 50.0 MET (M) ATG 100.0 PHE (F) TTC 41.9 TTT 58.1 PRO (P) CCA 38.9 CCC 13.6 CCG 10.0 CCT 37.5 SER (S) AGC 12.5 AGT 17.3 TCA 22.6 TCC 14.1 TCG 7.2 TCT 26.2 THR (T) ACA 32.7 ACC 19.1 ACG 8.8 ACT 39.4 TRP (W) TGG 100.0 TYR (Y) TAC 41.4 0 TAT 58.6 VAL (V) GTA 18.3 GTC 17.0 GTG 24.3 GTT 40.4

TABLE 2 Codon composition comparisons of M- & E-peptide coding regions of the native WNV sequence (bases 277-2004 of SEQ ID NO: 1) and two tobacco-optimized gene versions (SEQ ID NO: 6 & SEQ ID NO: 7). Amino SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID Acid Codon NO: 1 NO: 6 NO: 7 ALA (A) GCA 10 19 17 GCC 15 10 10 GCG 6 0 0 GCT 21 23 25 ARG (R) AGA 10 10 8 AGG 5 7 6 CGA 0 2 2 CGC 2 0 0 CGG 1 0 0 CGT 3 2 5 ASN (N) AAC 15 7 8 AAT 6 14 13 ASP (D) GAC 16 8 7 GAT 5 13 14 CYS (C) TGC 9 5 5 TGT 3 7 7 END TAA TAG TGA GLN (Q) CAA 6 9 10 CAG 9 6 5 GLU (E) GAA 15 14 14 GAG 10 11 11 GLY (G) GGA 34 20 20 GGC 14 11 10 GGG 8 7 9 GGT 3 21 20 HIS (H) CAC 8 4 5 14 CAT 6 10 9 ILE (I) ATA 5 5 6 ATC 9 5 6 ATT 7 11 9 LEU (L) CTA 7 0 0 CTC 10 8 8 CTG 9 7 7 CTT 5 15 16 TTA 1 9 9 TTG 22 15 14 LYS (K) AAA 10 18 14 AAG 20 12 16 MET (M) ATG 15 15 15 PHE (F) TTC 11 10 10 TTT 13 14 14 PRO (P) CCA 7 8 8 CCC 2 3 3 CCG 1 0 0 CCT 9 8 8 SER (S) AGC 13 6 6 AGT 3 7 8 TCA 14 10 10 TCC 5 7 8 TCG 3 0 0 TCT 5 13 11 THR (T) ACA 14 17 18 ACC 13 11 10 ACG 9 0 0 ACT 13 21 21 TRP (W) TGG 12 12 12 TYR (Y) TAC 8 7 7 TAT 6 7 7 VAL (V) GTA 1 11 10 GTC 12 6 9 GTG 32 11 14 GTT 10 27 22

TABLE 3 NT-1 B Medium Reagent Per liter MS salts (10X) 100 ml MES 0.5 g Thiamine-HCl (1 mg/ml) 1 ml Myo-inositol 100 mg K₂HPO₄ 137.4 mg 2,4-D (10 mg/ml) 222 μl Sucrose 30 g pH to 5.7 ± 0.03

TABLE 4 Summary of stirred-tank reactor (STR) fermentation runs. Harvest Volumetric recovery Fermentor Harvest volume (mg antigen/L Event Batch ID vessel PCV % (L) working volume) 1622- WNV Biostat 50 9.9 1.846 210δ SRD05005 C20 1622- WNV Biostat 38 9.3 1.574 207δ SRD05006 B10 1622- WNV Bioflo 56 9.8 1.997 210 SRD05007 3000 1622- WNV Biostat 36 9.3 1.645 207 SRD05008 B10 1622- WNV Biostat 38 9.4 1.492 207 SRD05009 B10 1702- WNV Biostat 41 9.5 0.966 525δ SRD05010 KB10 δ = All 1622 events were transformed with pDAB2475, encoding the ME proteins, while all 1702 events were transformed with pDAB2481, encoding the prME proteins with E protein mutated glycosylation site (prME(—)).

TABLE 5 Samples of recombinant West Nile Virus antigen generated for Study I. Treatment E protein group, Cell culture Process Concentration Lot ID#, n = 5 event method (mg) vial label 1 1622-207 PM7 3.38 SRD05005 2 1622-207 PM7 3.38 SRD05005 3 1622-207 PM3 0.71 SRD05006 4 1622-210 PM4 0.48 SRD05007 5 1622-210 PM2 0.51 SRD05008 6 1702-525 PM2 & 0.93 SRD05009 PM3, pooled 7 1602-207 PM5 0.18 SRD05010 8 NT1 wild-type PM2 0 SRD05011 9 NT1 wild-type PM3 0 SRD05012 10 NT1 wild-type PM4Ψ 0 SRD05013Ψ 11 NT1 wild-type PM7 0 SRD05014 12 Inactivated Blitvich 2.72 μg/100 μl SRD05015 WNV et al (3) 13 PBS NA 0 SRD05016 Ψ = sample omitted due to insufficient sample mass available following lyophilization.

TABLE 6 Samples of recombinant West Nile Virus antigen formulated for Study I. Approx Dose E Treatment E protein Water protein per group, Cell culture Process Concentration Lot ID#, added Ability to mouse n = 5 event method (mg) vial label (ml) Rehydrate (μg) 1 1622-207 PM7 3.38 SRD05005 — Not at 100 μg — dose desired 2 1622-207 PM7 3.38 SRD05005 6.8 Easily 50 3 1622-207 PM3 0.71 SRD05006 14.2 Insoluble — 4 1622-210 PM4 0.48 SRD05007 24 Yes 3 5 1622-210 PM2 0.51 SRD05008 10.2 Yes 5 6 1702-525 PM2 & 0.93 SRD05009 21.6 Yes 4 PM3, pooled 7 1602-207 PM5 0.18 SRD05010 3.6 Yes 5 8 NT1 wild- PM2 0 SRD05011 1.02 Yes 0 type 9 NT1 wild- PM3 0 SRD05012 1.22 Yes 0 type 11 NT1 wild- PM7 0 SRD05014 3.38 Yes 0 type 12 Inactivated Blitvich 2.72 μg/100 μl SRD05015 — Yes 2.72 WNV et al (3) 13 PBS NA 0 SRD05016 0 Yes 0

TABLE 7 WNV neutralization titers generated from vaccination with plant-cell-produced WNV antigen, Study I. Treatment Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Mouse Group #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Mean Titer 2 1280 1920 >2560 1920 >2560 >2560 4 1280 960 640 1280 ND 1040 5 >2560 >2560 1280 1920 80 656 6 120 480 40 <20 240 176 7 480 480 1280 320 1280 768 8 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 9 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 11 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 12 >20480 >20480 >20480 >20480 >20480 >20480 13 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20

TABLE 8 Treatment groups for second mouse study, testing multiple doses and multiple adjuvants (CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; IFA, incomplete Freund's adjuvant; OW, oil in water) GROUP TREATMENT ANTIGEN DOSE ADJUVANT # ANIMALS 1 NT-1 plant cell control NA Titer-max 5 2 Plant-cell-vaccine (1622- 25μ CFA 5 207 event) IFA 3 Plant-cell-produced WNV 25 μg Titer-max 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 4 Plant-cell-produced WNV 5 μg Titer-max 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 5 Plant-cell-produced WNV 0.5 μg Titer-max 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 6 Plant-cell-produced WNV 25 μg Carbopol 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 7 Plant-cell-produced WNV 5 μg Carbopol 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 8 Plant-cell-produced WNV 0.5 μg Carbopol 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 9 Plant-cell-produced WNV 25 μg Carbigen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 10 Plant-cell-produced WNV 5 μg Carbigen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 11 Plant-cell-produced WNV 0.5 μg Carbigen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 12 Plant-cell-produced WNV 25 μg OW 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 13 Plant-cell-produced WNV 5 μg OW 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 14 Plant-cell-produced WNV 0.5 μg OW 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 15 Plant-cell-produced WNV 25 μg Polygen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 16 Plant-cell-produced WNV 5 μg Polygen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event) 17 Plant-cell-produced WNV 0.5 μg Polygen 10 vaccine (1622-207 event)

TABLE 9 Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 5. Fragment Y is any integer Length selected from (amino between, and acids) including: Z 5 1 and 664 Y + 4 6 1 and 663 Y + 5 7 1 and 662 Y + 6 8 1 and 661 Y + 7 9 1 and 660 Y + 8 10 1 and 659 Y + 9 11 1 and 658 Y + 10 12 1 and 657 Y + 11 13 1 and 656 Y + 12 14 1 and 655 Y + 13 15 1 and 654 Y + 14 16 1 and 653 Y + 15 17 1 and 652 Y + 16 18 1 and 651 Y + 17 19 1 and 650 Y + 18 20 1 and 649 Y + 19 21 1 and 648 Y + 20 22 1 and 647 Y + 21 23 1 and 646 Y + 22 24 1 and 645 Y + 23 25 1 and 644 Y + 24 26 1 and 643 Y + 25 27 1 and 642 Y + 26 28 1 and 641 Y + 27 29 1 and 640 Y + 28 30 1 and 639 Y + 29 31 1 and 638 Y + 30 32 1 and 637 Y + 31 33 1 and 636 Y + 32 34 1 and 635 Y + 33 35 1 and 634 Y + 34 36 1 and 633 Y + 35 37 1 and 632 Y + 36 38 1 and 631 Y + 37 39 1 and 630 Y + 38 40 1 and 629 Y + 39 41 1 and 628 Y + 40 42 1 and 627 Y + 41 43 1 and 626 Y + 42 44 1 and 625 Y + 43 45 1 and 624 Y + 44 46 1 and 623 Y + 45 47 1 and 622 Y + 46 48 1 and 621 Y + 47 49 1 and 620 Y + 48 50 1 and 619 Y + 49 51 1 and 618 Y + 50 52 1 and 617 Y + 51 53 1 and 616 Y + 52 54 1 and 615 Y + 53 55 1 and 614 Y + 54 56 1 and 613 Y + 55 57 1 and 612 Y + 56 58 1 and 611 Y + 57 59 1 and 610 Y + 58 60 1 and 609 Y + 59 61 1 and 608 Y + 60 62 1 and 607 Y + 61 63 1 and 606 Y + 62 64 1 and 605 Y + 63 65 1 and 604 Y + 64 66 1 and 603 Y + 65 67 1 and 602 Y + 66 68 1 and 601 Y + 67 69 1 and 600 Y + 68 70 1 and 599 Y + 69 71 1 and 598 Y + 70 72 1 and 597 Y + 71 73 1 and 596 Y + 72 74 1 and 595 Y + 73 75 1 and 594 Y + 74 76 1 and 593 Y + 75 77 1 and 592 Y + 76 78 1 and 591 Y + 77 79 1 and 590 Y + 78 80 1 and 589 Y + 79 81 1 and 588 Y + 80 82 1 and 587 Y + 81 83 1 and 586 Y + 82 84 1 and 585 Y + 83 85 1 and 584 Y + 84 86 1 and 583 Y + 85 87 1 and 582 Y + 86 88 1 and 581 Y + 87 89 1 and 580 Y + 88 90 1 and 579 Y + 89 91 1 and 578 Y + 90 92 1 and 577 Y + 91 93 1 and 576 Y + 92 94 1 and 575 Y + 93 95 1 and 574 Y + 94 96 1 and 573 Y + 95 97 1 and 572 Y + 96 98 1 and 571 Y + 97 99 1 and 570 Y + 98 100 1 and 569 Y + 99 101 1 and 568 Y + 100 102 1 and 567 Y + 101 103 1 and 566 Y + 102 104 1 and 565 Y + 103 105 1 and 564 Y + 104 106 1 and 563 Y + 105 107 1 and 562 Y + 106 108 1 and 561 Y + 107 109 1 and 560 Y + 108 110 1 and 559 Y + 109 111 1 and 558 Y + 110 112 1 and 557 Y + 111 113 1 and 556 Y + 112 114 1 and 555 Y + 113 115 1 and 554 Y + 114 116 1 and 553 Y + 115 117 1 and 552 Y + 116 118 1 and 551 Y + 117 119 1 and 550 Y + 118 120 1 and 549 Y + 119 121 1 and 548 Y + 120 122 1 and 547 Y + 121 123 1 and 546 Y + 122 124 1 and 545 Y + 123 125 1 and 544 Y + 124 126 1 and 543 Y + 125 127 1 and 542 Y + 126 128 1 and 541 Y + 127 129 1 and 540 Y + 128 130 1 and 539 Y + 129 131 1 and 538 Y + 130 132 1 and 537 Y + 131 133 1 and 536 Y + 132 134 1 and 535 Y + 133 135 1 and 534 Y + 134 136 1 and 533 Y + 135 137 1 and 532 Y + 136 138 1 and 531 Y + 137 139 1 and 530 Y + 138 140 1 and 529 Y + 139 141 1 and 528 Y + 140 142 1 and 527 Y + 141 143 1 and 526 Y + 142 144 1 and 525 Y + 143 145 1 and 524 Y + 144 146 1 and 523 Y + 145 147 1 and 522 Y + 146 148 1 and 521 Y + 147 149 1 and 520 Y + 148 150 1 and 519 Y + 149 151 1 and 518 Y + 150 152 1 and 517 Y + 151 153 1 and 516 Y + 152 154 1 and 515 Y + 153 155 1 and 514 Y + 154 156 1 and 513 Y + 155 157 1 and 512 Y + 156 158 1 and 511 Y + 157 159 1 and 510 Y + 158 160 1 and 509 Y + 159 161 1 and 508 Y + 160 162 1 and 507 Y + 161 163 1 and 506 Y + 162 164 1 and 505 Y + 163 165 1 and 504 Y + 164 166 1 and 503 Y + 165 167 1 and 502 Y + 166 168 1 and 501 Y + 167 169 1 and 500 Y + 168 170 1 and 499 Y + 169 171 1 and 498 Y + 170 172 1 and 497 Y + 171 173 1 and 496 Y + 172 174 1 and 495 Y + 173 175 1 and 494 Y + 174 176 1 and 493 Y + 175 177 1 and 492 Y + 176 178 1 and 491 Y + 177 179 1 and 490 Y + 178 180 1 and 489 Y + 179 181 1 and 488 Y + 180 182 1 and 487 Y + 181 183 1 and 486 Y + 182 184 1 and 485 Y + 183 185 1 and 484 Y + 184 186 1 and 483 Y + 185 187 1 and 482 Y + 186 188 1 and 481 Y + 187 189 1 and 480 Y + 188 190 1 and 479 Y + 189 191 1 and 478 Y + 190 192 1 and 477 Y + 191 193 1 and 476 Y + 192 194 1 and 475 Y + 193 195 1 and 474 Y + 194 196 1 and 473 Y + 195 197 1 and 472 Y + 196 198 1 and 471 Y + 197 199 1 and 470 Y + 198 200 1 and 469 Y + 199 201 1 and 468 Y + 200 202 1 and 467 Y + 201 203 1 and 466 Y + 202 204 1 and 465 Y + 203 205 1 and 464 Y + 204 206 1 and 463 Y + 205 207 1 and 462 Y + 206 208 1 and 461 Y + 207 209 1 and 460 Y + 208 210 1 and 459 Y + 209 211 1 and 458 Y + 210 212 1 and 457 Y + 211 213 1 and 456 Y + 212 214 1 and 455 Y + 213 215 1 and 454 Y + 214 216 1 and 453 Y + 215 217 1 and 452 Y + 216 218 1 and 451 Y + 217 219 1 and 450 Y + 218 220 1 and 449 Y + 219 221 1 and 448 Y + 220 222 1 and 447 Y + 221 223 1 and 446 Y + 222 224 1 and 445 Y + 223 225 1 and 444 Y + 224 226 1 and 443 Y + 225 227 1 and 442 Y + 226 228 1 and 441 Y + 227 229 1 and 440 Y + 228 230 1 and 439 Y + 229 231 1 and 438 Y + 230 232 1 and 437 Y + 231 233 1 and 436 Y + 232 234 1 and 435 Y + 233 235 1 and 434 Y + 234 236 1 and 433 Y + 235 237 1 and 432 Y + 236 238 1 and 431 Y + 237 239 1 and 430 Y + 238 240 1 and 429 Y + 239 241 1 and 428 Y + 240 242 1 and 427 Y + 241 243 1 and 426 Y + 242 244 1 and 425 Y + 243 245 1 and 424 Y + 244 246 1 and 423 Y + 245 247 1 and 422 Y + 246 248 1 and 421 Y + 247 249 1 and 420 Y + 248 250 1 and 419 Y + 249 251 1 and 418 Y + 250 252 1 and 417 Y + 251 253 1 and 416 Y + 252 254 1 and 415 Y + 253 255 1 and 414 Y + 254 256 1 and 413 Y + 255 257 1 and 412 Y + 256 258 1 and 411 Y + 257 259 1 and 410 Y + 258 260 1 and 409 Y + 259 261 1 and 408 Y + 260 262 1 and 407 Y + 261 263 1 and 406 Y + 262 264 1 and 405 Y + 263 265 1 and 404 Y + 264 266 1 and 403 Y + 265 267 1 and 402 Y + 266 268 1 and 401 Y + 267 269 1 and 400 Y + 268 270 1 and 399 Y + 269 271 1 and 398 Y + 270 272 1 and 397 Y + 271 273 1 and 396 Y + 272 274 1 and 395 Y + 273 275 1 and 394 Y + 274 276 1 and 393 Y + 275 277 1 and 392 Y + 276 278 1 and 391 Y + 277 279 1 and 390 Y + 278 280 1 and 389 Y + 279 281 1 and 388 Y + 280 282 1 and 387 Y + 281 283 1 and 386 Y + 282 284 1 and 385 Y + 283 285 1 and 384 Y + 284 286 1 and 383 Y + 285 287 1 and 382 Y + 286 288 1 and 381 Y + 287 289 1 and 380 Y + 288 290 1 and 379 Y + 289 291 1 and 378 Y + 290 292 1 and 377 Y + 291 293 1 and 376 Y + 292 294 1 and 375 Y + 293 295 1 and 374 Y + 294 296 1 and 373 Y + 295 297 1 and 372 Y + 296 298 1 and 371 Y + 297 299 1 and 370 Y + 298 300 1 and 369 Y + 299 301 1 and 368 Y + 300 302 1 and 367 Y + 301 303 1 and 366 Y + 302 304 1 and 365 Y + 303 305 1 and 364 Y + 304 306 1 and 363 Y + 305 307 1 and 362 Y + 306 308 1 and 361 Y + 307 309 1 and 360 Y + 308 310 1 and 359 Y + 309 311 1 and 358 Y + 310 312 1 and 357 Y + 311 313 1 and 356 Y + 312 314 1 and 355 Y + 313 315 1 and 354 Y + 314 316 1 and 353 Y + 315 317 1 and 352 Y + 316 318 1 and 351 Y + 317 319 1 and 350 Y + 318 320 1 and 349 Y + 319 321 1 and 348 Y + 320 322 1 and 347 Y + 321 323 1 and 346 Y + 322 324 1 and 345 Y + 323 325 1 and 344 Y + 324 326 1 and 343 Y + 325 327 1 and 342 Y + 326 328 1 and 341 Y + 327 329 1 and 340 Y + 328 330 1 and 339 Y + 329 331 1 and 338 Y + 330 332 1 and 337 Y + 331 333 1 and 336 Y + 332 334 1 and 335 Y + 333 335 1 and 334 Y + 334 336 1 and 333 Y + 335 337 1 and 332 Y + 336 338 1 and 331 Y + 337 339 1 and 330 Y + 338 340 1 and 329 Y + 339 341 1 and 328 Y + 340 342 1 and 327 Y + 341 343 1 and 326 Y + 342 344 1 and 325 Y + 343 345 1 and 324 Y + 344 346 1 and 323 Y + 345 347 1 and 322 Y + 346 348 1 and 321 Y + 347 349 1 and 320 Y + 348 350 1 and 319 Y + 349 351 1 and 318 Y + 350 352 1 and 317 Y + 351 353 1 and 316 Y + 352 354 1 and 315 Y + 353 355 1 and 314 Y + 354 356 1 and 313 Y + 355 357 1 and 312 Y + 356 358 1 and 311 Y + 357 359 1 and 310 Y + 358 360 1 and 309 Y + 359 361 1 and 308 Y + 360 362 1 and 307 Y + 361 363 1 and 306 Y + 362 364 1 and 305 Y + 363 365 1 and 304 Y + 364 366 1 and 303 Y + 365 367 1 and 302 Y + 366 368 1 and 301 Y + 367 369 1 and 300 Y + 368 370 1 and 299 Y + 369 371 1 and 298 Y + 370 372 1 and 297 Y + 371 373 1 and 296 Y + 372 374 1 and 295 Y + 373 375 1 and 294 Y + 374 376 1 and 293 Y + 375 377 1 and 292 Y + 376 378 1 and 291 Y + 377 379 1 and 290 Y + 378 380 1 and 289 Y + 379 381 1 and 288 Y + 380 382 1 and 287 Y + 381 383 1 and 286 Y + 382 384 1 and 285 Y + 383 385 1 and 284 Y + 384 386 1 and 283 Y + 385 387 1 and 282 Y + 386 388 1 and 281 Y + 387 389 1 and 280 Y + 388 390 1 and 279 Y + 389 391 1 and 278 Y + 390 392 1 and 277 Y + 391 393 1 and 276 Y + 392 394 1 and 275 Y + 393 395 1 and 274 Y + 394 396 1 and 273 Y + 395 397 1 and 272 Y + 396 398 1 and 271 Y + 397 399 1 and 270 Y + 398 400 1 and 269 Y + 399 401 1 and 268 Y + 400 402 1 and 267 Y + 401 403 1 and 266 Y + 402 404 1 and 265 Y + 403 405 1 and 264 Y + 404 406 1 and 263 Y + 405 407 1 and 262 Y + 406 408 1 and 261 Y + 407 409 1 and 260 Y + 408 410 1 and 259 Y + 409 411 1 and 258 Y + 410 412 1 and 257 Y + 411 413 1 and 256 Y + 412 414 1 and 255 Y + 413 415 1 and 254 Y + 414 416 1 and 253 Y + 415 417 1 and 252 Y + 416 418 1 and 251 Y + 417 419 1 and 250 Y + 418 420 1 and 249 Y + 419 421 1 and 248 Y + 420 422 1 and 247 Y + 421 423 1 and 246 Y + 422 424 1 and 245 Y + 423 425 1 and 244 Y + 424 426 1 and 243 Y + 425 427 1 and 242 Y + 426 428 1 and 241 Y + 427 429 1 and 240 Y + 428 430 1 and 239 Y + 429 431 1 and 238 Y + 430 432 1 and 237 Y + 431 433 1 and 236 Y + 432 434 1 and 235 Y + 433 435 1 and 234 Y + 434 436 1 and 233 Y + 435 437 1 and 232 Y + 436 438 1 and 231 Y + 437 439 1 and 230 Y + 438 440 1 and 229 Y + 439 441 1 and 228 Y + 440 442 1 and 227 Y + 441 443 1 and 226 Y + 442 444 1 and 225 Y + 443 445 1 and 224 Y + 444 446 1 and 223 Y + 445 447 1 and 222 Y + 446 448 1 and 221 Y + 447 449 1 and 220 Y + 448 450 1 and 219 Y + 449 451 1 and 218 Y + 450 452 1 and 217 Y + 451 453 1 and 216 Y + 452 454 1 and 215 Y + 453 455 1 and 214 Y + 454 456 1 and 213 Y + 455 457 1 and 212 Y + 456 458 1 and 211 Y + 457 459 1 and 210 Y + 458 460 1 and 209 Y + 459 461 1 and 208 Y + 460 462 1 and 207 Y + 461 463 1 and 206 Y + 462 464 1 and 205 Y + 463 465 1 and 204 Y + 464 466 1 and 203 Y + 465 467 1 and 202 Y + 466 468 1 and 201 Y + 467 469 1 and 200 Y + 468 470 1 and 199 Y + 469 471 1 and 198 Y + 470 472 1 and 197 Y + 471 473 1 and 196 Y + 472 474 1 and 195 Y + 473 475 1 and 194 Y + 474 476 1 and 193 Y + 475 477 1 and 192 Y + 476 478 1 and 191 Y + 477 479 1 and 190 Y + 478 480 1 and 189 Y + 479 481 1 and 188 Y + 480 482 1 and 187 Y + 481 483 1 and 186 Y + 482 484 1 and 185 Y + 483 485 1 and 184 Y + 484 486 1 and 183 Y + 485 487 1 and 182 Y + 486 488 1 and 181 Y + 487 489 1 and 180 Y + 488 490 1 and 179 Y + 489 491 1 and 178 Y + 490 492 1 and 177 Y + 491 493 1 and 176 Y + 492 494 1 and 175 Y + 493 495 1 and 174 Y + 494 496 1 and 173 Y + 495 497 1 and 172 Y + 496 498 1 and 171 Y + 497 499 1 and 170 Y + 498 500 1 and 169 Y + 499 501 1 and 168 Y + 500 502 1 and 167 Y + 501 503 1 and 166 Y + 502 504 1 and 165 Y + 503 505 1 and 164 Y + 504 506 1 and 163 Y + 505 507 1 and 162 Y + 506 508 1 and 161 Y + 507 509 1 and 160 Y + 508 510 1 and 159 Y + 509 511 1 and 158 Y + 510 512 1 and 157 Y + 511 513 1 and 156 Y + 512 514 1 and 155 Y + 513 515 1 and 154 Y + 514 516 1 and 153 Y + 515 517 1 and 152 Y + 516 518 1 and 151 Y + 517 519 1 and 150 Y + 518 520 1 and 149 Y + 519 521 1 and 148 Y + 520 522 1 and 147 Y + 521 523 1 and 146 Y + 522 524 1 and 145 Y + 523 525 1 and 144 Y + 524 526 1 and 143 Y + 525 527 1 and 142 Y + 526 528 1 and 141 Y + 527 529 1 and 140 Y + 528 530 1 and 139 Y + 529 531 1 and 138 Y + 530 532 1 and 137 Y + 531 533 1 and 136 Y + 532 534 1 and 135 Y + 533 535 1 and 134 Y + 534 536 1 and 133 Y + 535 537 1 and 132 Y + 536 538 1 and 131 Y + 537 539 1 and 130 Y + 538 540 1 and 129 Y + 539 541 1 and 128 Y + 540 542 1 and 127 Y + 541 543 1 and 126 Y + 542 544 1 and 125 Y + 543 545 1 and 124 Y + 544 546 1 and 123 Y + 545 547 1 and 122 Y + 546 548 1 and 121 Y + 547 549 1 and 120 Y + 548 550 1 and 119 Y + 549 551 1 and 118 Y + 550 552 1 and 117 Y + 551 553 1 and 116 Y + 552 554 1 and 115 Y + 553 555 1 and 114 Y + 554 556 1 and 113 Y + 555 557 1 and 112 Y + 556 558 1 and 111 Y + 557 559 1 and 110 Y + 558 560 1 and 109 Y + 559 561 1 and 108 Y + 560 562 1 and 107 Y + 561 563 1 and 106 Y + 562 564 1 and 105 Y + 563 565 1 and 104 Y + 564 566 1 and 103 Y + 565 567 1 and 102 Y + 566 568 1 and 101 Y + 567 569 1 and 100 Y + 568 570 1 and 99 Y + 569 571 1 and 98 Y + 570 572 1 and 97 Y + 571 573 1 and 96 Y + 572 574 1 and 95 Y + 573 575 1 and 94 Y + 574 576 1 and 93 Y + 575 577 1 and 92 Y + 576 578 1 and 91 Y + 577 579 1 and 90 Y + 578 580 1 and 89 Y + 579 581 1 and 88 Y + 580 582 1 and 87 Y + 581 583 1 and 86 Y + 582 584 1 and 85 Y + 583 585 1 and 84 Y + 584 586 1 and 83 Y + 585 587 1 and 82 Y + 586 588 1 and 81 Y + 587 589 1 and 80 Y + 588 590 1 and 79 Y + 589 591 1 and 78 Y + 590 592 1 and 77 Y + 591 593 1 and 76 Y + 592 594 1 and 75 Y + 593 595 1 and 74 Y + 594 596 1 and 73 Y + 595 597 1 and 72 Y + 596 598 1 and 71 Y + 597 599 1 and 70 Y + 598 600 1 and 69 Y + 599 601 1 and 68 Y + 600 602 1 and 67 Y + 601 603 1 and 66 Y + 602 604 1 and 65 Y + 603 605 1 and 64 Y + 604 606 1 and 63 Y + 605 607 1 and 62 Y + 606 608 1 and 61 Y + 607 609 1 and 60 Y + 608 610 1 and 59 Y + 609 611 1 and 58 Y + 610 612 1 and 57 Y + 611 613 1 and 56 Y + 612 614 1 and 55 Y + 613 615 1 and 54 Y + 614 616 1 and 53 Y + 615 617 1 and 52 Y + 616 618 1 and 51 Y + 617 619 1 and 50 Y + 618 620 1 and 49 Y + 619 621 1 and 48 Y + 620 622 1 and 47 Y + 621 623 1 and 46 Y + 622 624 1 and 45 Y + 623 625 1 and 44 Y + 624 626 1 and 43 Y + 625 627 1 and 42 Y + 626 628 1 and 41 Y + 627 629 1 and 40 Y + 628 630 1 and 39 Y + 629 631 1 and 38 Y + 630 632 1 and 37 Y + 631 633 1 and 36 Y + 632 634 1 and 35 Y + 633 635 1 and 34 Y + 634 636 1 and 33 Y + 635 637 1 and 32 Y + 636 638 1 and 31 Y + 637 639 1 and 30 Y + 638 640 1 and 29 Y + 639 641 1 and 28 Y + 640 642 1 and 27 Y + 641 643 1 and 26 Y + 642 644 1 and 25 Y + 643 645 1 and 24 Y + 644 646 1 and 23 Y + 645 647 1 and 22 Y + 646 648 1 and 21 Y + 647 649 1 and 20 Y + 648 650 1 and 19 Y + 649 651 1 and 18 Y + 650 652 1 and 17 Y + 651 653 1 and 16 Y + 652 654 1 and 15 Y + 653 655 1 and 14 Y + 654 656 1 and 13 Y + 655 657 1 and 12 Y + 656 658 1 and 11 Y + 657 659 1 and 10 Y + 658 660 1 and 9 Y + 659 661 1 and 8 Y + 660 662 1 and 7 Y + 661 663 1 and 6 Y + 662 664 1 and 5 Y + 663 665 1 and 4 Y + 664 666 1 and 3 Y + 665 667 1 and 2 Y + 666

TABLE 10 Fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 11. Fragment Y is any integer Length selected from (amino between, and acids) including: Z 5 1 and 690 Y + 4 6 1 and 689 Y + 5 7 1 and 688 Y + 6 8 1 and 687 Y + 7 9 1 and 686 Y + 8 10 1 and 685 Y + 9 11 1 and 684 Y + 10 12 1 and 683 Y + 11 13 1 and 682 Y + 12 14 1 and 681 Y + 13 15 1 and 680 Y + 14 16 1 and 679 Y + 15 17 1 and 678 Y + 16 18 1 and 679 Y + 17 19 1 and 676 Y + 18 20 1 and 675 Y + 19 21 1 and 674 Y + 20 22 1 and 673 Y + 21 23 1 and 672 Y + 22 24 1 and 671 Y + 23 25 1 and 670 Y + 24 26 1 and 669 Y + 25 27 1 and 668 Y + 26 28 1 and 667 Y + 27 29 1 and 666 Y + 28 30 1 and 665 Y + 29 31 1 and 664 Y + 30 32 1 and 663 Y + 31 33 1 and 662 Y + 32 34 1 and 661 Y + 33 35 1 and 660 Y + 34 36 1 and 659 Y + 35 37 1 and 658 Y + 36 38 1 and 657 Y + 37 39 1 and 656 Y + 38 40 1 and 655 Y + 39 41 1 and 654 Y + 40 42 1 and 653 Y + 41 43 1 and 652 Y + 42 44 1 and 651 Y + 43 45 1 and 650 Y + 44 46 1 and 649 Y + 45 47 1 and 648 Y + 46 48 1 and 647 Y + 47 49 1 and 646 Y + 48 50 1 and 645 Y + 49 51 1 and 644 Y + 50 52 1 and 643 Y + 51 53 1 and 642 Y + 52 54 1 and 641 Y + 53 55 1 and 640 Y + 54 56 1 and 639 Y + 55 57 1 and 638 Y + 56 58 1 and 637 Y + 57 59 1 and 636 Y + 58 60 1 and 635 Y + 59 61 1 and 634 Y + 60 62 1 and 633 Y + 61 63 1 and 632 Y + 62 64 1 and 631 Y + 63 65 1 and 630 Y + 64 66 1 and 629 Y + 65 67 1 and 628 Y + 66 68 1 and 627 Y + 67 69 1 and 626 Y + 68 70 1 and 625 Y + 69 71 1 and 624 Y + 70 72 1 and 623 Y + 71 73 1 and 622 Y + 72 74 1 and 621 Y + 73 75 1 and 620 Y + 74 76 1 and 619 Y + 75 77 1 and 618 Y + 76 78 1 and 617 Y + 77 79 1 and 616 Y + 78 80 1 and 615 Y + 79 81 1 and 614 Y + 80 82 1 and 613 Y + 81 83 1 and 612 Y + 82 84 1 and 611 Y + 83 85 1 and 610 Y + 84 86 1 and 609 Y + 85 87 1 and 608 Y + 86 88 1 and 607 Y + 87 89 1 and 606 Y + 88 90 1 and 605 Y + 89 91 1 and 604 Y + 90 92 1 and 603 Y + 91 93 1 and 602 Y + 92 94 1 and 601 Y + 93 95 1 and 600 Y + 94 96 1 and 599 Y + 95 97 1 and 598 Y + 96 98 1 and 597 Y + 97 99 1 and 596 Y + 98 100 1 and 595 Y + 99 101 1 and 594 Y + 100 102 1 and 593 Y + 101 103 1 and 592 Y + 102 104 1 and 591 Y + 103 105 1 and 590 Y + 104 106 1 and 589 Y + 105 107 1 and 588 Y + 106 108 1 and 587 Y + 107 109 1 and 586 Y + 108 110 1 and 585 Y + 109 111 1 and 584 Y + 110 112 1 and 583 Y + 111 113 1 and 582 Y + 112 114 1 and 581 Y + 113 115 1 and 580 Y + 114 116 1 and 579 Y + 115 117 1 and 578 Y + 116 118 1 and 577 Y + 117 119 1 and 576 Y + 118 120 1 and 575 Y + 119 121 1 and 574 Y + 120 122 1 and 573 Y + 121 123 1 and 572 Y + 122 124 1 and 571 Y + 123 125 1 and 570 Y + 124 126 1 and 569 Y + 125 127 1 and 568 Y + 126 128 1 and 567 Y + 127 129 1 and 566 Y + 128 130 1 and 565 Y + 129 131 1 and 564 Y + 130 132 1 and 563 Y + 131 133 1 and 562 Y + 132 134 1 and 561 Y + 133 135 1 and 560 Y + 134 136 1 and 559 Y + 135 137 1 and 558 Y + 136 138 1 and 557 Y + 137 139 1 and 556 Y + 138 140 1 and 555 Y + 139 141 1 and 554 Y + 140 142 1 and 553 Y + 141 143 1 and 552 Y + 142 144 1 and 551 Y + 143 145 1 and 550 Y + 144 146 1 and 549 Y + 145 147 1 and 548 Y + 146 148 1 and 547 Y + 147 149 1 and 546 Y + 148 150 1 and 545 Y + 149 151 1 and 544 Y + 150 152 1 and 543 Y + 151 153 1 and 542 Y + 152 154 1 and 541 Y + 153 155 1 and 540 Y + 154 156 1 and 539 Y + 155 157 1 and 538 Y + 156 158 1 and 537 Y + 157 159 1 and 536 Y + 158 160 1 and 535 Y + 159 161 1 and 534 Y + 160 162 1 and 533 Y + 161 163 1 and 532 Y + 162 164 1 and 531 Y + 163 165 1 and 530 Y + 164 166 1 and 529 Y + 165 167 1 and 528 Y + 166 168 1 and 527 Y + 167 169 1 and 526 Y + 168 170 1 and 525 Y + 169 171 1 and 524 Y + 170 172 1 and 523 Y + 171 173 1 and 522 Y + 172 174 1 and 521 Y + 173 175 1 and 520 Y + 174 176 1 and 519 Y + 175 177 1 and 518 Y + 176 178 1 and 517 Y + 177 179 1 and 516 Y + 178 180 1 and 515 Y + 179 181 1 and 514 Y + 180 182 1 and 513 Y + 181 183 1 and 512 Y + 182 184 1 and 511 Y + 183 185 1 and 510 Y + 184 186 1 and 509 Y + 185 187 1 and 508 Y + 186 188 1 and 507 Y + 187 189 1 and 506 Y + 188 190 1 and 505 Y + 189 191 1 and 504 Y + 190 192 1 and 503 Y + 191 193 1 and 502 Y + 192 194 1 and 501 Y + 193 195 1 and 500 Y + 194 196 1 and 499 Y + 195 197 1 and 498 Y + 196 198 1 and 497 Y + 197 199 1 and 496 Y + 198 200 1 and 495 Y + 199 201 1 and 494 Y + 200 202 1 and 493 Y + 201 203 1 and 492 Y + 202 204 1 and 491 Y + 203 205 1 and 490 Y + 204 206 1 and 489 Y + 205 207 1 and 488 Y + 206 208 1 and 487 Y + 207 209 1 and 486 Y + 208 210 1 and 485 Y + 209 211 1 and 484 Y + 210 212 1 and 483 Y + 211 213 1 and 482 Y + 212 214 1 and 481 Y + 213 215 1 and 480 Y + 214 216 1 and 479 Y + 215 217 1 and 478 Y + 216 218 1 and 477 Y + 217 219 1 and 476 Y + 218 220 1 and 475 Y + 219 221 1 and 474 Y + 220 222 1 and 473 Y + 221 223 1 and 472 Y + 222 224 1 and 471 Y + 223 225 1 and 470 Y + 224 226 1 and 469 Y + 225 227 1 and 468 Y + 226 228 1 and 467 Y + 227 229 1 and 466 Y + 228 230 1 and 465 Y + 229 231 1 and 464 Y + 230 232 1 and 463 Y + 231 233 1 and 462 Y + 232 234 1 and 461 Y + 233 235 1 and 460 Y + 234 236 1 and 459 Y + 235 237 1 and 458 Y + 236 238 1 and 457 Y + 237 239 1 and 456 Y + 238 240 1 and 455 Y + 239 241 1 and 454 Y + 240 242 1 and 453 Y + 241 243 1 and 452 Y + 242 244 1 and 451 Y + 243 245 1 and 450 Y + 244 246 1 and 449 Y + 245 247 1 and 448 Y + 246 248 1 and 447 Y + 247 249 1 and 446 Y + 248 250 1 and 445 Y + 249 251 1 and 444 Y + 250 252 1 and 443 Y + 251 253 1 and 442 Y + 252 254 1 and 441 Y + 253 255 1 and 440 Y + 254 256 1 and 439 Y + 255 257 1 and 438 Y + 256 258 1 and 437 Y + 257 259 1 and 436 Y + 258 260 1 and 435 Y + 259 261 1 and 434 Y + 260 262 1 and 433 Y + 261 263 1 and 432 Y + 262 264 1 and 431 Y + 263 265 1 and 430 Y + 264 266 1 and 429 Y + 265 267 1 and 428 Y + 266 268 1 and 427 Y + 267 269 1 and 426 Y + 268 270 1 and 425 Y + 269 271 1 and 424 Y + 270 272 1 and 423 Y + 271 273 1 and 422 Y + 272 274 1 and 421 Y + 273 275 1 and 420 Y + 274 276 1 and 419 Y + 275 277 1 and 418 Y + 276 278 1 and 417 Y + 277 279 1 and 416 Y + 278 280 1 and 415 Y + 279 281 1 and 414 Y + 280 282 1 and 413 Y + 281 283 1 and 412 Y + 282 284 1 and 411 Y + 283 285 1 and 410 Y + 284 286 1 and 409 Y + 285 287 1 and 408 Y + 286 288 1 and 407 Y + 287 289 1 and 406 Y + 288 290 1 and 405 Y + 289 291 1 and 404 Y + 290 292 1 and 403 Y + 291 293 1 and 402 Y + 292 294 1 and 401 Y + 293 295 1 and 400 Y + 294 296 1 and 399 Y + 295 297 1 and 398 Y + 296 298 1 and 397 Y + 297 299 1 and 396 Y + 298 300 1 and 395 Y + 299 301 1 and 394 Y + 300 302 1 and 393 Y + 301 303 1 and 392 Y + 302 304 1 and 391 Y + 303 305 1 and 390 Y + 304 306 1 and 389 Y + 305 307 1 and 388 Y + 306 308 1 and 387 Y + 307 309 1 and 386 Y + 308 310 1 and 385 Y + 309 311 1 and 384 Y + 310 312 1 and 383 Y + 311 313 1 and 382 Y + 312 314 1 and 381 Y + 313 315 1 and 380 Y + 314 316 1 and 379 Y + 315 317 1 and 378 Y + 316 318 1 and 377 Y + 317 319 1 and 376 Y + 318 320 1 and 375 Y + 319 321 1 and 374 Y + 320 322 1 and 373 Y + 321 323 1 and 372 Y + 322 324 1 and 371 Y + 323 325 1 and 370 Y + 324 326 1 and 369 Y + 325 327 1 and 368 Y + 326 328 1 and 367 Y + 327 329 1 and 366 Y + 328 330 1 and 365 Y + 329 331 1 and 364 Y + 330 332 1 and 363 Y + 331 333 1 and 362 Y + 332 334 1 and 361 Y + 333 335 1 and 360 Y + 334 336 1 and 359 Y + 335 337 1 and 358 Y + 336 338 1 and 357 Y + 337 339 1 and 356 Y + 338 340 1 and 355 Y + 339 341 1 and 354 Y + 340 342 1 and 353 Y + 341 343 1 and 352 Y + 342 344 1 and 351 Y + 343 345 1 and 350 Y + 344 346 1 and 349 Y + 345 347 1 and 348 Y + 346 348 1 and 347 Y + 347 349 1 and 346 Y + 348 350 1 and 345 Y + 349 351 1 and 344 Y + 350 352 1 and 343 Y + 351 353 1 and 342 Y + 352 354 1 and 341 Y + 353 355 1 and 340 Y + 354 356 1 and 339 Y + 355 357 1 and 338 Y + 356 358 1 and 337 Y + 357 359 1 and 336 Y + 358 360 1 and 335 Y + 359 361 1 and 334 Y + 360 362 1 and 333 Y + 361 363 1 and 332 Y + 362 364 1 and 331 Y + 363 365 1 and 330 Y + 364 366 1 and 329 Y + 365 367 1 and 328 Y + 366 368 1 and 327 Y + 367 369 1 and 326 Y + 368 370 1 and 325 Y + 369 371 1 and 324 Y + 370 372 1 and 323 Y + 371 373 1 and 322 Y + 372 374 1 and 321 Y + 373 375 1 and 320 Y + 374 376 1 and 319 Y + 375 377 1 and 318 Y + 376 378 1 and 317 Y + 377 379 1 and 316 Y + 378 380 1 and 315 Y + 379 381 1 and 314 Y + 380 382 1 and 313 Y + 381 383 1 and 312 Y + 382 384 1 and 311 Y + 383 385 1 and 310 Y + 384 386 1 and 309 Y + 385 387 1 and 308 Y + 386 388 1 and 307 Y + 387 389 1 and 306 Y + 388 390 1 and 305 Y + 389 391 1 and 304 Y + 390 392 1 and 303 Y + 391 393 1 and 302 Y + 392 394 1 and 301 Y + 393 395 1 and 300 Y + 394 396 1 and 299 Y + 395 397 1 and 298 Y + 396 398 1 and 297 Y + 397 399 1 and 296 Y + 398 400 1 and 295 Y + 399 401 1 and 294 Y + 400 402 1 and 293 Y + 401 403 1 and 292 Y + 402 404 1 and 291 Y + 403 405 1 and 290 Y + 404 406 1 and 289 Y + 405 407 1 and 288 Y + 406 408 1 and 287 Y + 407 409 1 and 286 Y + 408 410 1 and 285 Y + 409 411 1 and 284 Y + 410 412 1 and 283 Y + 411 413 1 and 282 Y + 412 414 1 and 281 Y + 413 415 1 and 280 Y + 414 416 1 and 279 Y + 415 417 1 and 278 Y + 416 418 1 and 277 Y + 417 419 1 and 276 Y + 418 420 1 and 275 Y + 419 421 1 and 274 Y + 420 422 1 and 273 Y + 421 423 1 and 272 Y + 422 424 1 and 271 Y + 423 425 1 and 270 Y + 424 426 1 and 269 Y + 425 427 1 and 268 Y + 426 428 1 and 267 Y + 427 429 1 and 266 Y + 428 430 1 and 265 Y + 429 431 1 and 264 Y + 430 432 1 and 263 Y + 431 433 1 and 262 Y + 432 434 1 and 261 Y + 433 435 1 and 260 Y + 434 436 1 and 259 Y + 435 437 1 and 258 Y + 436 438 1 and 257 Y + 437 439 1 and 256 Y + 438 440 1 and 255 Y + 439 441 1 and 254 Y + 440 442 1 and 253 Y + 441 443 1 and 252 Y + 442 444 1 and 251 Y + 443 445 1 and 250 Y + 444 446 1 and 249 Y + 445 447 1 and 248 Y + 446 448 1 and 247 Y + 447 449 1 and 246 Y + 448 450 1 and 245 Y + 449 451 1 and 244 Y + 450 452 1 and 243 Y + 451 453 1 and 242 Y + 452 454 1 and 241 Y + 453 455 1 and 240 Y + 454 456 1 and 239 Y + 455 457 1 and 238 Y + 456 458 1 and 237 Y + 457 459 1 and 236 Y + 458 460 1 and 235 Y + 459 461 1 and 234 Y + 460 462 1 and 233 Y + 461 463 1 and 232 Y + 462 464 1 and 231 Y + 463 465 1 and 230 Y + 464 466 1 and 229 Y + 465 467 1 and 228 Y + 466 468 1 and 227 Y + 467 469 1 and 226 Y + 468 470 1 and 225 Y + 469 471 1 and 224 Y + 470 472 1 and 223 Y + 471 473 1 and 222 Y + 472 474 1 and 221 Y + 473 475 1 and 220 Y + 474 476 1 and 219 Y + 475 477 1 and 218 Y + 476 478 1 and 217 Y + 477 479 1 and 216 Y + 478 480 1 and 215 Y + 479 481 1 and 214 Y + 480 482 1 and 213 Y + 481 483 1 and 212 Y + 482 484 1 and 211 Y + 483 485 1 and 210 Y + 484 486 1 and 209 Y + 485 487 1 and 208 Y + 486 488 1 and 207 Y + 487 489 1 and 206 Y + 488 490 1 and 205 Y + 489 491 1 and 204 Y + 490 492 1 and 203 Y + 491 493 1 and 202 Y + 492 494 1 and 201 Y + 493 495 1 and 200 Y + 494 496 1 and 199 Y + 495 497 1 and 198 Y + 496 498 1 and 197 Y + 497 499 1 and 196 Y + 498 500 1 and 195 Y + 499 501 1 and 194 Y + 500 502 1 and 193 Y + 501 503 1 and 192 Y + 502 504 1 and 191 Y + 503 505 1 and 190 Y + 504 506 1 and 189 Y + 505 507 1 and 188 Y + 506 508 1 and 187 Y + 507 509 1 and 186 Y + 508 510 1 and 185 Y + 509 511 1 and 184 Y + 510 512 1 and 183 Y + 511 513 1 and 182 Y + 512 514 1 and 181 Y + 513 515 1 and 180 Y + 514 516 1 and 179 Y + 515 517 1 and 178 Y + 516 518 1 and 177 Y + 517 519 1 and 176 Y + 518 520 1 and 175 Y + 519 521 1 and 174 Y + 520 522 1 and 173 Y + 521 523 1 and 172 Y + 522 524 1 and 171 Y + 523 525 1 and 170 Y + 524 526 1 and 169 Y + 525 527 1 and 168 Y + 526 528 1 and 167 Y + 527 529 1 and 166 Y + 528 530 1 and 165 Y + 529 531 1 and 164 Y + 530 532 1 and 163 Y + 531 533 1 and 162 Y + 532 534 1 and 161 Y + 533 535 1 and 160 Y + 534 536 1 and 159 Y + 535 537 1 and 158 Y + 536 538 1 and 157 Y + 537 539 1 and 156 Y + 538 540 1 and 155 Y + 539 541 1 and 154 Y + 540 542 1 and 153 Y + 541 543 1 and 152 Y + 542 544 1 and 151 Y + 543 545 1 and 150 Y + 544 546 1 and 149 Y + 545 547 1 and 148 Y + 546 548 1 and 147 Y + 547 549 1 and 146 Y + 548 550 1 and 145 Y + 549 551 1 and 144 Y + 550 552 1 and 143 Y + 551 553 1 and 142 Y + 552 554 1 and 141 Y + 553 555 1 and 140 Y + 554 556 1 and 139 Y + 555 557 1 and 138 Y + 556 558 1 and 137 Y + 557 559 1 and 136 Y + 558 560 1 and 135 Y + 559 561 1 and 134 Y + 560 562 1 and 133 Y + 561 563 1 and 132 Y + 562 564 1 and 131 Y + 563 565 1 and 130 Y + 564 566 1 and 129 Y + 565 567 1 and 128 Y + 566 568 1 and 127 Y + 567 569 1 and 126 Y + 568 570 1 and 125 Y + 569 571 1 and 124 Y + 570 572 1 and 123 Y + 571 573 1 and 122 Y + 572 574 1 and 121 Y + 573 575 1 and 120 Y + 574 576 1 and 119 Y + 575 577 1 and 118 Y + 576 578 1 and 117 Y + 577 579 1 and 116 Y + 578 580 1 and 115 Y + 579 581 1 and 114 Y + 580 582 1 and 113 Y + 581 583 1 and 112 Y + 582 584 1 and 111 Y + 583 585 1 and 110 Y + 584 586 1 and 109 Y + 585 587 1 and 108 Y + 586 588 1 and 107 Y + 587 589 1 and 106 Y + 588 590 1 and 105 Y + 589 591 1 and 104 Y + 590 592 1 and 103 Y + 591 593 1 and 102 Y + 592 594 1 and 101 Y + 593 595 1 and 100 Y + 594 596 1 and 99 Y + 595 597 1 and 98 Y + 596 598 1 and 97 Y + 597 599 1 and 96 Y + 598 600 1 and 95 Y + 599 601 1 and 94 Y + 600 602 1 and 93 Y + 601 603 1 and 92 Y + 602 604 1 and 91 Y + 603 605 1 and 90 Y + 604 606 1 and 89 Y + 605 607 1 and 88 Y + 606 608 1 and 87 Y + 607 609 1 and 86 Y + 608 610 1 and 85 Y + 609 611 1 and 84 Y + 610 612 1 and 83 Y + 611 613 1 and 82 Y + 612 614 1 and 81 Y + 613 615 1 and 80 Y + 614 616 1 and 79 Y + 615 617 1 and 78 Y + 616 618 1 and 77 Y + 617 619 1 and 76 Y + 618 620 1 and 75 Y + 619 621 1 and 74 Y + 620 622 1 and 73 Y + 621 623 1 and 72 Y + 622 624 1 and 71 Y + 623 625 1 and 70 Y + 624 626 1 and 69 Y + 625 627 1 and 68 Y + 626 628 1 and 67 Y + 627 629 1 and 66 Y + 628 630 1 and 65 Y + 629 631 1 and 64 Y + 630 632 1 and 63 Y + 631 633 1 and 62 Y + 632 634 1 and 61 Y + 633 635 1 and 60 Y + 634 636 1 and 59 Y + 635 637 1 and 58 Y + 636 638 1 and 57 Y + 637 639 1 and 56 Y + 638 640 1 and 55 Y + 639 641 1 and 54 Y + 640 642 1 and 53 Y + 641 643 1 and 52 Y + 642 644 1 and 51 Y + 643 645 1 and 50 Y + 644 646 1 and 49 Y + 645 647 1 and 48 Y + 646 648 1 and 47 Y + 647 649 1 and 46 Y + 648 650 1 and 45 Y + 649 651 1 and 44 Y + 650 652 1 and 43 Y + 651 653 1 and 42 Y + 652 654 1 and 41 Y + 653 655 1 and 40 Y + 654 656 1 and 39 Y + 655 657 1 and 38 Y + 656 658 1 and 37 Y + 657 659 1 and 36 Y + 658 660 1 and 35 Y + 659 661 1 and 34 Y + 660 662 1 and 33 Y + 661 663 1 and 32 Y + 662 664 1 and 31 Y + 663 665 1 and 30 Y + 664 666 1 and 29 Y + 665 667 1 and 28 Y + 666 668 1 and 27 Y + 667 669 1 and 26 Y + 668 670 1 and 25 Y + 669 671 1 and 24 Y + 670 672 1 and 23 Y + 671 673 1 and 22 Y + 672 674 1 and 21 Y + 673 675 1 and 20 Y + 674 676 1 and 19 Y + 675 677 1 and 18 Y + 676 678 1 and 17 Y + 677 679 1 and 16 Y + 678 680 1 and 15 Y + 679 681 1 and 14 Y + 680 682 1 and 13 Y + 681 683 1 and 12 Y + 682 684 1 and 11 Y + 683 685 1 and 10 Y + 684 686 1 and 9 Y + 685 687 1 and 8 Y + 686 688 1 and 7 Y + 687 689 1 and 6 Y + 688 690 1 and 5 Y + 689 691 1 and 4 Y + 690 692 1 and 3 Y + 691 693 1 and 2 Y + 692

TABLE 11 Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 13. Fragment Y is any integer Length selected from (amino between, and acids) including: Z 5 1 and 598 Y + 4 6 1 and 597 Y + 5 7 1 and 596 Y + 6 8 1 and 595 Y + 7 9 1 and 594 Y + 8 10 1 and 593 Y + 9 11 1 and 592 Y + 10 12 1 and 591 Y + 11 13 1 and 590 Y + 12 14 1 and 589 Y + 13 15 1 and 588 Y + 14 16 1 and 587 Y + 15 17 1 and 586 Y + 16 18 1 and 585 Y + 17 19 1 and 584 Y + 18 20 1 and 583 Y + 19 21 1 and 582 Y + 20 22 1 and 581 Y + 21 23 1 and 580 Y + 22 24 1 and 579 Y + 23 25 1 and 578 Y + 24 26 1 and 577 Y + 25 27 1 and 576 Y + 26 28 1 and 575 Y + 27 29 1 and 574 Y + 28 30 1 and 573 Y + 29 31 1 and 572 Y + 30 32 1 and 571 Y + 31 33 1 and 570 Y + 32 34 1 and 569 Y + 33 35 1 and 568 Y + 34 36 1 and 567 Y + 35 37 1 and 566 Y + 36 38 1 and 565 Y + 37 39 1 and 564 Y + 38 40 1 and 563 Y + 39 41 1 and 562 Y + 40 42 1 and 561 Y + 41 43 1 and 560 Y + 42 44 1 and 559 Y + 43 45 1 and 558 Y + 44 46 1 and 557 Y + 45 47 1 and 556 Y + 46 48 1 and 555 Y + 47 49 1 and 554 Y + 48 50 1 and 553 Y + 49 51 1 and 552 Y + 50 52 1 and 551 Y + 51 53 1 and 550 Y + 52 54 1 and 549 Y + 53 55 1 and 548 Y + 54 56 1 and 547 Y + 55 57 1 and 546 Y + 56 58 1 and 545 Y + 57 59 1 and 544 Y + 58 60 1 and 543 Y + 59 61 1 and 542 Y + 60 62 1 and 541 Y + 61 63 1 and 540 Y + 62 64 1 and 539 Y + 63 65 1 and 538 Y + 64 66 1 and 537 Y + 65 67 1 and 536 Y + 66 68 1 and 535 Y + 67 69 1 and 534 Y + 68 70 1 and 533 Y + 69 71 1 and 532 Y + 70 72 1 and 531 Y + 71 73 1 and 530 Y + 72 74 1 and 529 Y + 73 75 1 and 528 Y + 74 76 1 and 527 Y + 75 77 1 and 526 Y + 76 78 1 and 525 Y + 77 79 1 and 524 Y + 78 80 1 and 523 Y + 79 81 1 and 522 Y + 80 82 1 and 521 Y + 81 83 1 and 520 Y + 82 84 1 and 519 Y + 83 85 1 and 518 Y + 84 86 1 and 517 Y + 85 87 1 and 516 Y + 86 88 1 and 515 Y + 87 89 1 and 514 Y + 88 90 1 and 513 Y + 89 91 1 and 512 Y + 90 92 1 and 511 Y + 91 93 1 and 510 Y + 92 94 1 and 509 Y + 93 95 1 and 508 Y + 94 96 1 and 507 Y + 95 97 1 and 506 Y + 96 98 1 and 505 Y + 97 99 1 and 504 Y + 98 100 1 and 503 Y + 99 101 1 and 502 Y + 100 102 1 and 501 Y + 101 103 1 and 500 Y + 102 104 1 and 499 Y + 103 105 1 and 498 Y + 104 106 1 and 497 Y + 105 107 1 and 496 Y + 106 108 1 and 495 Y + 107 109 1 and 494 Y + 108 110 1 and 493 Y + 109 111 1 and 492 Y + 110 112 1 and 491 Y + 111 113 1 and 490 Y + 112 114 1 and 489 Y + 113 115 1 and 488 Y + 114 116 1 and 487 Y + 115 117 1 and 486 Y + 116 118 1 and 485 Y + 117 119 1 and 484 Y + 118 120 1 and 483 Y + 119 121 1 and 482 Y + 120 122 1 and 481 Y + 121 123 1 and 480 Y + 122 124 1 and 479 Y + 123 125 1 and 478 Y + 124 126 1 and 477 Y + 125 127 1 and 476 Y + 126 128 1 and 475 Y + 127 129 1 and 474 Y + 128 130 1 and 473 Y + 129 131 1 and 472 Y + 130 132 1 and 471 Y + 131 133 1 and 470 Y + 132 134 1 and 469 Y + 133 135 1 and 468 Y + 134 136 1 and 467 Y + 135 137 1 and 466 Y + 136 138 1 and 465 Y + 137 139 1 and 464 Y + 138 140 1 and 463 Y + 139 141 1 and 462 Y + 140 142 1 and 461 Y + 141 143 1 and 460 Y + 142 144 1 and 459 Y + 143 145 1 and 458 Y + 144 146 1 and 457 Y + 145 147 1 and 456 Y + 146 148 1 and 455 Y + 147 149 1 and 454 Y + 148 150 1 and 453 Y + 149 151 1 and 452 Y + 150 152 1 and 451 Y + 151 153 1 and 450 Y + 152 154 1 and 449 Y + 153 155 1 and 448 Y + 154 156 1 and 447 Y + 155 157 1 and 446 Y + 156 158 1 and 445 Y + 157 159 1 and 444 Y + 158 160 1 and 443 Y + 159 161 1 and 442 Y + 160 162 1 and 441 Y + 161 163 1 and 440 Y + 162 164 1 and 439 Y + 163 165 1 and 438 Y + 164 166 1 and 437 Y + 165 167 1 and 436 Y + 166 168 1 and 435 Y + 167 169 1 and 434 Y + 168 170 1 and 433 Y + 169 171 1 and 432 Y + 170 172 1 and 431 Y + 171 173 1 and 430 Y + 172 174 1 and 429 Y + 173 175 1 and 428 Y + 174 176 1 and 427 Y + 175 177 1 and 426 Y + 176 178 1 and 425 Y + 177 179 1 and 424 Y + 178 180 1 and 423 Y + 179 181 1 and 422 Y + 180 182 1 and 421 Y + 181 183 1 and 420 Y + 182 184 1 and 419 Y + 183 185 1 and 418 Y + 184 186 1 and 417 Y + 185 187 1 and 416 Y + 186 188 1 and 415 Y + 187 189 1 and 414 Y + 188 190 1 and 413 Y + 189 191 1 and 412 Y + 190 192 1 and 411 Y + 191 193 1 and 410 Y + 192 194 1 and 409 Y + 193 195 1 and 408 Y + 194 196 1 and 407 Y + 195 197 1 and 406 Y + 196 198 1 and 405 Y + 197 199 1 and 404 Y + 198 200 1 and 403 Y + 199 201 1 and 402 Y + 200 202 1 and 401 Y + 201 203 1 and 400 Y + 202 204 1 and 399 Y + 203 205 1 and 398 Y + 204 206 1 and 397 Y + 205 207 1 and 396 Y + 206 208 1 and 395 Y + 207 209 1 and 394 Y + 208 210 1 and 393 Y + 209 211 1 and 392 Y + 210 212 1 and 391 Y + 211 213 1 and 390 Y + 212 214 1 and 389 Y + 213 215 1 and 388 Y + 214 216 1 and 387 Y + 215 217 1 and 386 Y + 216 218 1 and 385 Y + 217 219 1 and 384 Y + 218 220 1 and 383 Y + 219 221 1 and 382 Y + 220 222 1 and 381 Y + 221 223 1 and 380 Y + 222 224 1 and 379 Y + 223 225 1 and 378 Y + 224 226 1 and 377 Y + 225 227 1 and 376 Y + 226 228 1 and 375 Y + 227 229 1 and 374 Y + 228 230 1 and 373 Y + 229 231 1 and 372 Y + 230 232 1 and 371 Y + 231 233 1 and 370 Y + 232 234 1 and 369 Y + 233 235 1 and 368 Y + 234 236 1 and 367 Y + 235 237 1 and 366 Y + 236 238 1 and 365 Y + 237 239 1 and 364 Y + 238 240 1 and 363 Y + 239 241 1 and 362 Y + 240 242 1 and 361 Y + 241 243 1 and 360 Y + 242 244 1 and 359 Y + 243 245 1 and 358 Y + 244 246 1 and 357 Y + 245 247 1 and 356 Y + 246 248 1 and 355 Y + 247 249 1 and 354 Y + 248 250 1 and 353 Y + 249 251 1 and 352 Y + 250 252 1 and 351 Y + 251 253 1 and 350 Y + 252 254 1 and 349 Y + 253 255 1 and 348 Y + 254 256 1 and 347 Y + 255 257 1 and 346 Y + 256 258 1 and 345 Y + 257 259 1 and 344 Y + 258 260 1 and 343 Y + 259 261 1 and 342 Y + 260 262 1 and 341 Y + 261 263 1 and 340 Y + 262 264 1 and 339 Y + 263 265 1 and 338 Y + 264 266 1 and 337 Y + 265 267 1 and 336 Y + 266 268 1 and 335 Y + 267 269 1 and 334 Y + 268 270 1 and 333 Y + 269 271 1 and 332 Y + 270 272 1 and 331 Y + 271 273 1 and 330 Y + 272 274 1 and 329 Y + 273 275 1 and 328 Y + 274 276 1 and 327 Y + 275 277 1 and 326 Y + 276 278 1 and 325 Y + 277 279 1 and 324 Y + 278 280 1 and 323 Y + 279 281 1 and 322 Y + 280 282 1 and 321 Y + 281 283 1 and 320 Y + 282 284 1 and 319 Y + 283 285 1 and 318 Y + 284 286 1 and 317 Y + 285 287 1 and 316 Y + 286 288 1 and 315 Y + 287 289 1 and 314 Y + 288 290 1 and 313 Y + 289 291 1 and 312 Y + 290 292 1 and 311 Y + 291 293 1 and 310 Y + 292 294 1 and 309 Y + 293 295 1 and 308 Y + 294 296 1 and 307 Y + 295 297 1 and 306 Y + 296 298 1 and 305 Y + 297 299 1 and 304 Y + 298 300 1 and 303 Y + 299 301 1 and 302 Y + 300 302 1 and 301 Y + 301 303 1 and 300 Y + 302 304 1 and 299 Y + 303 305 1 and 298 Y + 304 306 1 and 297 Y + 305 307 1 and 296 Y + 306 308 1 and 295 Y + 307 309 1 and 294 Y + 308 310 1 and 293 Y + 309 311 1 and 292 Y + 310 312 1 and 291 Y + 311 313 1 and 290 Y + 312 314 1 and 289 Y + 313 315 1 and 288 Y + 314 316 1 and 287 Y + 315 317 1 and 286 Y + 316 318 1 and 285 Y + 317 319 1 and 284 Y + 318 320 1 and 283 Y + 319 321 1 and 282 Y + 320 322 1 and 281 Y + 321 323 1 and 280 Y + 322 324 1 and 279 Y + 323 325 1 and 278 Y + 324 326 1 and 277 Y + 325 327 1 and 276 Y + 326 328 1 and 275 Y + 327 329 1 and 274 Y + 328 330 1 and 273 Y + 329 331 1 and 272 Y + 330 332 1 and 271 Y + 331 333 1 and 270 Y + 332 334 1 and 269 Y + 333 335 1 and 268 Y + 334 336 1 and 267 Y + 335 337 1 and 266 Y + 336 338 1 and 265 Y + 337 339 1 and 264 Y + 338 340 1 and 263 Y + 339 341 1 and 262 Y + 340 342 1 and 261 Y + 341 343 1 and 260 Y + 342 344 1 and 259 Y + 343 345 1 and 258 Y + 344 346 1 and 257 Y + 345 347 1 and 256 Y + 346 348 1 and 255 Y + 347 349 1 and 254 Y + 348 350 1 and 253 Y + 349 351 1 and 252 Y + 350 352 1 and 251 Y + 351 353 1 and 250 Y + 352 354 1 and 249 Y + 353 355 1 and 248 Y + 354 356 1 and 247 Y + 355 357 1 and 246 Y + 356 358 1 and 245 Y + 357 359 1 and 244 Y + 358 360 1 and 243 Y + 359 361 1 and 242 Y + 360 362 1 and 241 Y + 361 363 1 and 240 Y + 362 364 1 and 239 Y + 363 365 1 and 238 Y + 364 366 1 and 237 Y + 365 367 1 and 236 Y + 366 368 1 and 235 Y + 367 369 1 and 234 Y + 368 370 1 and 233 Y + 369 371 1 and 232 Y + 370 372 1 and 231 Y + 371 373 1 and 230 Y + 372 374 1 and 229 Y + 373 375 1 and 228 Y + 374 376 1 and 227 Y + 375 377 1 and 226 Y + 376 378 1 and 225 Y + 377 379 1 and 224 Y + 378 380 1 and 223 Y + 379 381 1 and 222 Y + 380 382 1 and 221 Y + 381 383 1 and 220 Y + 382 384 1 and 219 Y + 383 385 1 and 218 Y + 384 386 1 and 217 Y + 385 387 1 and 216 Y + 386 388 1 and 215 Y + 387 389 1 and 214 Y + 388 390 1 and 213 Y + 389 391 1 and 212 Y + 390 392 1 and 211 Y + 391 393 1 and 210 Y + 392 394 1 and 209 Y + 393 395 1 and 208 Y + 394 396 1 and 207 Y + 395 397 1 and 206 Y + 396 398 1 and 205 Y + 397 399 1 and 204 Y + 398 400 1 and 203 Y + 399 401 1 and 202 Y + 400 402 1 and 201 Y + 401 403 1 and 200 Y + 402 404 1 and 199 Y + 403 405 1 and 198 Y + 404 406 1 and 197 Y + 405 407 1 and 196 Y + 406 408 1 and 195 Y + 407 409 1 and 194 Y + 408 410 1 and 193 Y + 409 411 1 and 192 Y + 410 412 1 and 191 Y + 411 413 1 and 190 Y + 412 414 1 and 189 Y + 413 415 1 and 188 Y + 414 416 1 and 187 Y + 415 417 1 and 186 Y + 416 418 1 and 185 Y + 417 419 1 and 184 Y + 418 420 1 and 183 Y + 419 421 1 and 182 Y + 420 422 1 and 181 Y + 421 423 1 and 180 Y + 422 424 1 and 179 Y + 423 425 1 and 178 Y + 424 426 1 and 177 Y + 425 427 1 and 176 Y + 426 428 1 and 175 Y + 427 429 1 and 174 Y + 428 430 1 and 173 Y + 429 431 1 and 172 Y + 430 432 1 and 171 Y + 431 433 1 and 170 Y + 432 434 1 and 169 Y + 433 435 1 and 168 Y + 434 436 1 and 167 Y + 435 437 1 and 166 Y + 436 438 1 and 165 Y + 437 439 1 and 164 Y + 438 440 1 and 163 Y + 439 441 1 and 162 Y + 440 442 1 and 161 Y + 441 443 1 and 160 Y + 442 444 1 and 159 Y + 443 445 1 and 158 Y + 444 446 1 and 157 Y + 445 447 1 and 156 Y + 446 448 1 and 155 Y + 447 449 1 and 154 Y + 448 450 1 and 153 Y + 449 451 1 and 152 Y + 450 452 1 and 151 Y + 451 453 1 and 150 Y + 452 454 1 and 149 Y + 453 455 1 and 148 Y + 454 456 1 and 147 Y + 455 457 1 and 146 Y + 456 458 1 and 145 Y + 457 459 1 and 144 Y + 458 460 1 and 143 Y + 459 461 1 and 142 Y + 460 462 1 and 141 Y + 461 463 1 and 140 Y + 462 464 1 and 139 Y + 463 465 1 and 138 Y + 464 466 1 and 137 Y + 465 467 1 and 136 Y + 466 468 1 and 135 Y + 467 469 1 and 134 Y + 468 470 1 and 133 Y + 469 471 1 and 132 Y + 470 472 1 and 131 Y + 471 473 1 and 130 Y + 472 474 1 and 129 Y + 473 475 1 and 128 Y + 474 476 1 and 127 Y + 475 477 1 and 126 Y + 476 478 1 and 125 Y + 477 479 1 and 124 Y + 478 480 1 and 123 Y + 479 481 1 and 122 Y + 480 482 1 and 121 Y + 481 483 1 and 120 Y + 482 484 1 and 119 Y + 483 485 1 and 118 Y + 484 486 1 and 117 Y + 485 487 1 and 116 Y + 486 488 1 and 115 Y + 487 489 1 and 114 Y + 488 490 1 and 113 Y + 489 491 1 and 112 Y + 490 492 1 and 111 Y + 491 493 1 and 110 Y + 492 494 1 and 109 Y + 493 495 1 and 108 Y + 494 496 1 and 107 Y + 495 497 1 and 106 Y + 496 498 1 and 105 Y + 497 499 1 and 104 Y + 498 500 1 and 103 Y + 499 501 1 and 102 Y + 500 502 1 and 101 Y + 501 503 1 and 100 Y + 502 504 1 and 99 Y + 503 505 1 and 98 Y + 504 506 1 and 97 Y + 505 507 1 and 96 Y + 506 508 1 and 95 Y + 507 509 1 and 94 Y + 508 510 1 and 93 Y + 509 511 1 and 92 Y + 510 512 1 and 91 Y + 511 513 1 and 90 Y + 512 514 1 and 89 Y + 513 515 1 and 88 Y + 514 516 1 and 87 Y + 515 517 1 and 86 Y + 516 518 1 and 85 Y + 517 519 1 and 84 Y + 518 520 1 and 83 Y + 519 521 1 and 82 Y + 520 522 1 and 81 Y + 521 523 1 and 80 Y + 522 524 1 and 79 Y + 523 525 1 and 78 Y + 524 526 1 and 77 Y + 525 527 1 and 76 Y + 526 528 1 and 75 Y + 527 529 1 and 74 Y + 528 530 1 and 73 Y + 529 531 1 and 72 Y + 530 532 1 and 71 Y + 531 533 1 and 70 Y + 532 534 1 and 69 Y + 533 535 1 and 68 Y + 534 536 1 and 67 Y + 535 537 1 and 66 Y + 536 538 1 and 65 Y + 537 539 1 and 64 Y + 538 540 1 and 63 Y + 539 541 1 and 62 Y + 540 542 1 and 61 Y + 541 543 1 and 60 Y + 542 544 1 and 59 Y + 543 545 1 and 58 Y + 544 546 1 and 57 Y + 545 547 1 and 56 Y + 546 548 1 and 55 Y + 547 549 1 and 54 Y + 548 550 1 and 53 Y + 549 551 1 and 52 Y + 550 552 1 and 51 Y + 551 553 1 and 50 Y + 552 554 1 and 49 Y + 553 555 1 and 48 Y + 554 556 1 and 47 Y + 555 557 1 and 46 Y + 556 558 1 and 45 Y + 557 559 1 and 44 Y + 558 560 1 and 43 Y + 559 561 1 and 42 Y + 560 562 1 and 41 Y + 561 563 1 and 40 Y + 562 564 1 and 39 Y + 563 565 1 and 38 Y + 564 566 1 and 37 Y + 565 567 1 and 36 Y + 566 568 1 and 35 Y + 567 569 1 and 34 Y + 568 570 1 and 33 Y + 569 571 1 and 32 Y + 570 572 1 and 31 Y + 571 573 1 and 30 Y + 572 574 1 and 29 Y + 573 575 1 and 28 Y + 574 576 1 and 27 Y + 575 577 1 and 26 Y + 576 578 1 and 25 Y + 577 579 1 and 24 Y + 578 580 1 and 23 Y + 579 581 1 and 22 Y + 580 582 1 and 21 Y + 581 583 1 and 20 Y + 582 584 1 and 19 Y + 583 585 1 and 18 Y + 584 586 1 and 17 Y + 585 587 1 and 16 Y + 586 588 1 and 15 Y + 587 589 1 and 14 Y + 588 590 1 and 13 Y + 589 591 1 and 12 Y + 590 592 1 and 11 Y + 591 593 1 and 10 Y + 592 594 1 and 9 Y + 593 595 1 and 8 Y + 594 596 1 and 7 Y + 595 597 1 and 6 Y + 596 598 1 and 5 Y + 597 599 1 and 4 Y + 598 600 1 and 3 Y + 599 601 1 and 2 Y + 600

TABLE 12 Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 15. Fragment Y is any integer Length selected from (amino between, and acids) including: Z 5 1 and 597 Y + 4 6 1 and 596 Y + 5 7 1 and 595 Y + 6 8 1 and 594 Y + 7 9 1 and 593 Y + 8 10 1 and 592 Y + 9 11 1 and 591 Y + 10 12 1 and 590 Y + 11 13 1 and 589 Y + 12 14 1 and 588 Y + 13 15 1 and 587 Y + 14 16 1 and 586 Y + 15 17 1 and 585 Y + 16 18 1 and 584 Y + 17 19 1 and 583 Y + 18 20 1 and 582 Y + 19 21 1 and 581 Y + 20 22 1 and 580 Y + 21 23 1 and 579 Y + 22 24 1 and 578 Y + 23 25 1 and 577 Y + 24 26 1 and 576 Y + 25 27 1 and 575 Y + 26 28 1 and 574 Y + 27 29 1 and 573 Y + 28 30 1 and 572 Y + 29 31 1 and 571 Y + 30 32 1 and 570 Y + 31 33 1 and 569 Y + 32 34 1 and 568 Y + 33 35 1 and 567 Y + 34 36 1 and 566 Y + 35 37 1 and 565 Y + 36 38 1 and 564 Y + 37 39 1 and 563 Y + 38 40 1 and 562 Y + 39 41 1 and 561 Y + 40 42 1 and 560 Y + 41 43 1 and 559 Y + 42 44 1 and 558 Y + 43 45 1 and 557 Y + 44 46 1 and 556 Y + 45 47 1 and 555 Y + 46 48 1 and 554 Y + 47 49 1 and 553 Y + 48 50 1 and 552 Y + 49 51 1 and 551 Y + 50 52 1 and 550 Y + 51 53 1 and 549 Y + 52 54 1 and 548 Y + 53 55 1 and 547 Y + 54 56 1 and 546 Y + 55 57 1 and 545 Y + 56 58 1 and 544 Y + 57 59 1 and 543 Y + 58 60 1 and 542 Y + 59 61 1 and 541 Y + 60 62 1 and 540 Y + 61 63 1 and 539 Y + 62 64 1 and 538 Y + 63 65 1 and 537 Y + 64 66 1 and 536 Y + 65 67 1 and 535 Y + 66 68 1 and 534 Y + 67 69 1 and 533 Y + 68 70 1 and 532 Y + 69 71 1 and 531 Y + 70 72 1 and 530 Y + 71 73 1 and 529 Y + 72 74 1 and 528 Y + 73 75 1 and 527 Y + 74 76 1 and 526 Y + 75 77 1 and 525 Y + 76 78 1 and 524 Y + 77 79 1 and 523 Y + 78 80 1 and 522 Y + 79 81 1 and 521 Y + 80 82 1 and 520 Y + 81 83 1 and 519 Y + 82 84 1 and 518 Y + 83 85 1 and 517 Y + 84 86 1 and 516 Y + 85 87 1 and 515 Y + 86 88 1 and 514 Y + 87 89 1 and 513 Y + 88 90 1 and 512 Y + 89 91 1 and 511 Y + 90 92 1 and 510 Y + 91 93 1 and 509 Y + 92 94 1 and 508 Y + 93 95 1 and 507 Y + 94 96 1 and 506 Y + 95 97 1 and 505 Y + 96 98 1 and 504 Y + 97 99 1 and 503 Y + 98 100 1 and 502 Y + 99 101 1 and 501 Y + 100 102 1 and 500 Y + 101 103 1 and 499 Y + 102 104 1 and 498 Y + 103 105 1 and 497 Y + 104 106 1 and 496 Y + 105 107 1 and 495 Y + 106 108 1 and 494 Y + 107 109 1 and 493 Y + 108 110 1 and 492 Y + 109 111 1 and 491 Y + 110 112 1 and 490 Y + 111 113 1 and 489 Y + 112 114 1 and 488 Y + 113 115 1 and 487 Y + 114 116 1 and 486 Y + 115 117 1 and 485 Y + 116 118 1 and 484 Y + 117 119 1 and 483 Y + 118 120 1 and 482 Y + 119 121 1 and 481 Y + 120 122 1 and 480 Y + 121 123 1 and 479 Y + 122 124 1 and 478 Y + 123 125 1 and 477 Y + 124 126 1 and 476 Y + 125 127 1 and 475 Y + 126 128 1 and 474 Y + 127 129 1 and 473 Y + 128 130 1 and 472 Y + 129 131 1 and 471 Y + 130 132 1 and 470 Y + 131 133 1 and 469 Y + 132 134 1 and 468 Y + 133 135 1 and 467 Y + 134 136 1 and 466 Y + 135 137 1 and 465 Y + 136 138 1 and 464 Y + 137 139 1 and 463 Y + 138 140 1 and 462 Y + 139 141 1 and 461 Y + 140 142 1 and 460 Y + 141 143 1 and 459 Y + 142 144 1 and 458 Y + 143 145 1 and 457 Y + 144 146 1 and 456 Y + 145 147 1 and 455 Y + 146 148 1 and 454 Y + 147 149 1 and 453 Y + 148 150 1 and 452 Y + 149 151 1 and 451 Y + 150 152 1 and 450 Y + 151 153 1 and 449 Y + 152 154 1 and 448 Y + 153 155 1 and 447 Y + 154 156 1 and 446 Y + 155 157 1 and 445 Y + 156 158 1 and 444 Y + 157 159 1 and 443 Y + 158 160 1 and 442 Y + 159 161 1 and 441 Y + 160 162 1 and 440 Y + 161 163 1 and 439 Y + 162 164 1 and 438 Y + 163 165 1 and 437 Y + 164 166 1 and 436 Y + 165 167 1 and 435 Y + 166 168 1 and 434 Y + 167 169 1 and 433 Y + 168 170 1 and 432 Y + 169 171 1 and 431 Y + 170 172 1 and 430 Y + 171 173 1 and 429 Y + 172 174 1 and 428 Y + 173 175 1 and 427 Y + 174 176 1 and 426 Y + 175 177 1 and 425 Y + 176 178 1 and 424 Y + 177 179 1 and 423 Y + 178 180 1 and 422 Y + 179 181 1 and 421 Y + 180 182 1 and 420 Y + 181 183 1 and 419 Y + 182 184 1 and 418 Y + 183 185 1 and 417 Y + 184 186 1 and 416 Y + 185 187 1 and 415 Y + 186 188 1 and 414 Y + 187 189 1 and 413 Y + 188 190 1 and 412 Y + 189 191 1 and 411 Y + 190 192 1 and 410 Y + 191 193 1 and 409 Y + 192 194 1 and 408 Y + 193 195 1 and 407 Y + 194 196 1 and 406 Y + 195 197 1 and 405 Y + 196 198 1 and 404 Y + 197 199 1 and 403 Y + 198 200 1 and 402 Y + 199 201 1 and 401 Y + 200 202 1 and 400 Y + 201 203 1 and 399 Y + 202 204 1 and 398 Y + 203 205 1 and 397 Y + 204 206 1 and 396 Y + 205 207 1 and 395 Y + 206 208 1 and 394 Y + 207 209 1 and 393 Y + 208 210 1 and 392 Y + 209 211 1 and 391 Y + 210 212 1 and 390 Y + 211 213 1 and 389 Y + 212 214 1 and 388 Y + 213 215 1 and 387 Y + 214 216 1 and 386 Y + 215 217 1 and 385 Y + 216 218 1 and 384 Y + 217 219 1 and 383 Y + 218 220 1 and 382 Y + 219 221 1 and 381 Y + 220 222 1 and 380 Y + 221 223 1 and 379 Y + 222 224 1 and 378 Y + 223 225 1 and 377 Y + 224 226 1 and 376 Y + 225 227 1 and 375 Y + 226 228 1 and 374 Y + 227 229 1 and 373 Y + 228 230 1 and 372 Y + 229 231 1 and 371 Y + 230 232 1 and 370 Y + 231 233 1 and 369 Y + 232 234 1 and 368 Y + 233 235 1 and 367 Y + 234 236 1 and 366 Y + 235 237 1 and 365 Y + 236 238 1 and 364 Y + 237 239 1 and 363 Y + 238 240 1 and 362 Y + 239 241 1 and 361 Y + 240 242 1 and 360 Y + 241 243 1 and 359 Y + 242 244 1 and 358 Y + 243 245 1 and 357 Y + 244 246 1 and 356 Y + 245 247 1 and 355 Y + 246 248 1 and 354 Y + 247 249 1 and 353 Y + 248 250 1 and 352 Y + 249 251 1 and 351 Y + 250 252 1 and 350 Y + 251 253 1 and 349 Y + 252 254 1 and 348 Y + 253 255 1 and 347 Y + 254 256 1 and 346 Y + 255 257 1 and 345 Y + 256 258 1 and 344 Y + 257 259 1 and 343 Y + 258 260 1 and 342 Y + 259 261 1 and 341 Y + 260 262 1 and 340 Y + 261 263 1 and 339 Y + 262 264 1 and 338 Y + 263 265 1 and 337 Y + 264 266 1 and 336 Y + 265 267 1 and 335 Y + 266 268 1 and 334 Y + 267 269 1 and 333 Y + 268 270 1 and 332 Y + 269 271 1 and 331 Y + 270 272 1 and 330 Y + 271 273 1 and 329 Y + 272 274 1 and 328 Y + 273 275 1 and 327 Y + 274 276 1 and 326 Y + 275 277 1 and 325 Y + 276 278 1 and 324 Y + 277 279 1 and 323 Y + 278 280 1 and 322 Y + 279 281 1 and 321 Y + 280 282 1 and 320 Y + 281 283 1 and 319 Y + 282 284 1 and 318 Y + 283 285 1 and 317 Y + 284 286 1 and 316 Y + 285 287 1 and 315 Y + 286 288 1 and 314 Y + 287 289 1 and 313 Y + 288 290 1 and 312 Y + 289 291 1 and 311 Y + 290 292 1 and 310 Y + 291 293 1 and 309 Y + 292 294 1 and 308 Y + 293 295 1 and 307 Y + 294 296 1 and 306 Y + 295 297 1 and 305 Y + 296 298 1 and 304 Y + 297 299 1 and 303 Y + 298 300 1 and 302 Y + 299 301 1 and 301 Y + 300 302 1 and 300 Y + 301 303 1 and 299 Y + 302 304 1 and 298 Y + 303 305 1 and 297 Y + 304 306 1 and 296 Y + 305 307 1 and 295 Y + 306 308 1 and 294 Y + 307 309 1 and 293 Y + 308 310 1 and 292 Y + 309 311 1 and 291 Y + 310 312 1 and 290 Y + 311 313 1 and 289 Y + 312 314 1 and 288 Y + 313 315 1 and 287 Y + 314 316 1 and 286 Y + 315 317 1 and 285 Y + 316 318 1 and 284 Y + 317 319 1 and 283 Y + 318 320 1 and 282 Y + 319 321 1 and 281 Y + 320 322 1 and 280 Y + 321 323 1 and 279 Y + 322 324 1 and 278 Y + 323 325 1 and 277 Y + 324 326 1 and 276 Y + 325 327 1 and 275 Y + 326 328 1 and 274 Y + 327 329 1 and 273 Y + 328 330 1 and 272 Y + 329 331 1 and 271 Y + 330 332 1 and 270 Y + 331 333 1 and 269 Y + 332 334 1 and 268 Y + 333 335 1 and 267 Y + 334 336 1 and 266 Y + 335 337 1 and 265 Y + 336 338 1 and 264 Y + 337 339 1 and 263 Y + 338 340 1 and 262 Y + 339 341 1 and 261 Y + 340 342 1 and 260 Y + 341 343 1 and 259 Y + 342 344 1 and 258 Y + 343 345 1 and 257 Y + 344 346 1 and 256 Y + 345 347 1 and 255 Y + 346 348 1 and 254 Y + 347 349 1 and 253 Y + 348 350 1 and 252 Y + 349 351 1 and 251 Y + 350 352 1 and 250 Y + 351 353 1 and 249 Y + 352 354 1 and 248 Y + 353 355 1 and 247 Y + 354 356 1 and 246 Y + 355 357 1 and 245 Y + 356 358 1 and 244 Y + 357 359 1 and 243 Y + 358 360 1 and 242 Y + 359 361 1 and 241 Y + 360 362 1 and 240 Y + 361 363 1 and 239 Y + 362 364 1 and 238 Y + 363 365 1 and 237 Y + 364 366 1 and 236 Y + 365 367 1 and 235 Y + 366 368 1 and 234 Y + 367 369 1 and 233 Y + 368 370 1 and 232 Y + 369 371 1 and 231 Y + 370 372 1 and 230 Y + 371 373 1 and 229 Y + 372 374 1 and 228 Y + 373 375 1 and 227 Y + 374 376 1 and 226 Y + 375 377 1 and 225 Y + 376 378 1 and 224 Y + 377 379 1 and 223 Y + 378 380 1 and 222 Y + 379 381 1 and 221 Y + 380 382 1 and 220 Y + 381 383 1 and 219 Y + 382 384 1 and 218 Y + 383 385 1 and 217 Y + 384 386 1 and 216 Y + 385 387 1 and 215 Y + 386 388 1 and 214 Y + 387 389 1 and 213 Y + 388 390 1 and 212 Y + 389 391 1 and 211 Y + 390 392 1 and 210 Y + 391 393 1 and 209 Y + 392 394 1 and 208 Y + 393 395 1 and 207 Y + 394 396 1 and 206 Y + 395 397 1 and 205 Y + 396 398 1 and 204 Y + 397 399 1 and 203 Y + 398 400 1 and 202 Y + 399 401 1 and 201 Y + 400 402 1 and 200 Y + 401 403 1 and 199 Y + 402 404 1 and 198 Y + 403 405 1 and 197 Y + 404 406 1 and 196 Y + 405 407 1 and 195 Y + 406 408 1 and 194 Y + 407 409 1 and 193 Y + 408 410 1 and 192 Y + 409 411 1 and 191 Y + 410 412 1 and 190 Y + 411 413 1 and 189 Y + 412 414 1 and 188 Y + 413 415 1 and 187 Y + 414 416 1 and 186 Y + 415 417 1 and 185 Y + 416 418 1 and 184 Y + 417 419 1 and 183 Y + 418 420 1 and 182 Y + 419 421 1 and 181 Y + 420 422 1 and 180 Y + 421 423 1 and 179 Y + 422 424 1 and 178 Y + 423 425 1 and 177 Y + 424 426 1 and 176 Y + 425 427 1 and 175 Y + 426 428 1 and 174 Y + 427 429 1 and 173 Y + 428 430 1 and 172 Y + 429 431 1 and 171 Y + 430 432 1 and 170 Y + 431 433 1 and 169 Y + 432 434 1 and 168 Y + 433 435 1 and 167 Y + 434 436 1 and 166 Y + 435 437 1 and 165 Y + 436 438 1 and 164 Y + 437 439 1 and 163 Y + 438 440 1 and 162 Y + 439 441 1 and 161 Y + 440 442 1 and 160 Y + 441 443 1 and 159 Y + 442 444 1 and 158 Y + 443 445 1 and 157 Y + 444 446 1 and 156 Y + 445 447 1 and 155 Y + 446 448 1 and 154 Y + 447 449 1 and 153 Y + 448 450 1 and 152 Y + 449 451 1 and 151 Y + 450 452 1 and 150 Y + 451 453 1 and 149 Y + 452 454 1 and 148 Y + 453 455 1 and 147 Y + 454 456 1 and 146 Y + 455 457 1 and 145 Y + 456 458 1 and 144 Y + 457 459 1 and 143 Y + 458 460 1 and 142 Y + 459 461 1 and 141 Y + 460 462 1 and 140 Y + 461 463 1 and 139 Y + 462 464 1 and 138 Y + 463 465 1 and 137 Y + 464 466 1 and 136 Y + 465 467 1 and 135 Y + 466 468 1 and 134 Y + 467 469 1 and 133 Y + 468 470 1 and 132 Y + 469 471 1 and 131 Y + 470 472 1 and 130 Y + 471 473 1 and 129 Y + 472 474 1 and 128 Y + 473 475 1 and 127 Y + 474 476 1 and 126 Y + 475 477 1 and 125 Y + 476 478 1 and 124 Y + 477 479 1 and 123 Y + 478 480 1 and 122 Y + 479 481 1 and 121 Y + 480 482 1 and 120 Y + 481 483 1 and 119 Y + 482 484 1 and 118 Y + 483 485 1 and 117 Y + 484 486 1 and 116 Y + 485 487 1 and 115 Y + 486 488 1 and 114 Y + 487 489 1 and 113 Y + 488 490 1 and 112 Y + 489 491 1 and 111 Y + 490 492 1 and 110 Y + 491 493 1 and 109 Y + 492 494 1 and 108 Y + 493 495 1 and 107 Y + 494 496 1 and 106 Y + 495 497 1 and 105 Y + 496 498 1 and 104 Y + 497 499 1 and 103 Y + 498 500 1 and 102 Y + 499 501 1 and 101 Y + 500 502 1 and 100 Y + 501 503 1 and 99 Y + 502 504 1 and 98 Y + 503 505 1 and 97 Y + 504 506 1 and 96 Y + 505 507 1 and 95 Y + 506 508 1 and 94 Y + 507 509 1 and 93 Y + 508 510 1 and 92 Y + 509 511 1 and 91 Y + 510 512 1 and 90 Y + 511 513 1 and 89 Y + 512 514 1 and 88 Y + 513 515 1 and 87 Y + 514 516 1 and 86 Y + 515 517 1 and 85 Y + 516 518 1 and 84 Y + 517 519 1 and 83 Y + 518 520 1 and 82 Y + 519 521 1 and 81 Y + 520 522 1 and 80 Y + 521 523 1 and 79 Y + 522 524 1 and 78 Y + 523 525 1 and 77 Y + 524 526 1 and 76 Y + 525 527 1 and 75 Y + 526 528 1 and 74 Y + 527 529 1 and 73 Y + 528 530 1 and 72 Y + 529 531 1 and 71 Y + 530 532 1 and 70 Y + 531 533 1 and 69 Y + 532 534 1 and 68 Y + 533 535 1 and 67 Y + 534 536 1 and 66 Y + 535 537 1 and 65 Y + 536 538 1 and 64 Y + 537 539 1 and 63 Y + 538 540 1 and 62 Y + 539 541 1 and 61 Y + 540 542 1 and 60 Y + 541 543 1 and 59 Y + 542 544 1 and 58 Y + 543 545 1 and 57 Y + 544 546 1 and 56 Y + 545 547 1 and 55 Y + 546 548 1 and 54 Y + 547 549 1 and 53 Y + 548 550 1 and 52 Y + 549 551 1 and 51 Y + 550 552 1 and 50 Y + 551 553 1 and 49 Y + 552 554 1 and 48 Y + 553 555 1 and 47 Y + 554 556 1 and 46 Y + 555 557 1 and 45 Y + 556 558 1 and 44 Y + 557 559 1 and 43 Y + 558 560 1 and 42 Y + 559 561 1 and 41 Y + 560 562 1 and 40 Y + 561 563 1 and 39 Y + 562 564 1 and 38 Y + 563 565 1 and 37 Y + 564 566 1 and 36 Y + 565 567 1 and 35 Y + 566 568 1 and 34 Y + 567 569 1 and 33 Y + 568 570 1 and 32 Y + 569 571 1 and 31 Y + 570 572 1 and 30 Y + 571 573 1 and 29 Y + 572 574 1 and 28 Y + 573 575 1 and 27 Y + 574 576 1 and 26 Y + 575 577 1 and 25 Y + 576 578 1 and 24 Y + 577 579 1 and 23 Y + 578 580 1 and 22 Y + 579 581 1 and 21 Y + 580 582 1 and 20 Y + 581 583 1 and 19 Y + 582 584 1 and 18 Y + 583 585 1 and 17 Y + 584 586 1 and 16 Y + 585 587 1 and 15 Y + 586 588 1 and 14 Y + 587 589 1 and 13 Y + 588 590 1 and 12 Y + 589 591 1 and 11 Y + 590 592 1 and 10 Y + 591 593 1 and 9 Y + 592 594 1 and 8 Y + 593 595 1 and 7 Y + 594 596 1 and 6 Y + 595 597 1 and 5 Y + 596 598 1 and 4 Y + 597 599 1 and 3 Y + 598 600 1 and 2 Y + 599

TABLE 13 G + C Content (%) 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.9 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8 42.9 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 43.8 43.9 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.6 44.7 44.8 44.9 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 45.8 45.9 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.8 46.9 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8 48.9 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.0

TABLE 14 Percent Identity 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.7 70.8 70.9 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.6 71.7 71.8 71.9 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.5 72.6 72.7 72.8 72.9 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 73.8 73.9 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.6 74.7 74.8 74.9 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 75.7 75.8 75.9 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.8 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.9 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.7 78.8 78.9 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 79.9 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 80.9 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 82.9 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 83.8 83.9 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 84.9 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 85.6 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 86.8 86.9 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 87.6 87.7 87.8 87.9 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.9 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 89.6 89.7 89.8 89.9 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8 90.9 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 91.6 91.7 91.8 91.9 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.6 92.7 92.8 92.9 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 93.5 93.6 93.7 93.8 93.9 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 94.5 94.6 94.7 94.8 94.9 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 95.7 95.8 95.9 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.5 96.6 96.7 96.8 96.9 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.5 97.6 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 98.5 98.6 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 100.0

TABLE 15 Exemplary fragments or polypeptide spans containing the following consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9. Exemplary Polypeptides or Fragments 1 1-22 2 1-22 343 3 1-22 343 344 4 1-22 343 344 345 5 1-22 343 344 345 691-694 6 343 7 343 344 8 343 344 345 9 343 344 345 691-694 10 344 11 344 345 691-694 12 345 13 345 691-694 14 691-694

TABLE 16 Various Exemplary Fragments of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 11, 13 and 15. N-terminal C-terminal amino amino SEQ ID acid acid NO: residue residue  5 93 668  5 168 668 9 or 11 1 114 9 or 11 2 114 9 or 11 3 114 9 or 11 4 114 9 or 11 5 114 9 or 11 6 114 9 or 11 7 114 9 or 11 8 114 9 or 11 9 114 9 or 11 10 114 9 or 11 11 114 9 or 11 12 114 9 or 11 13 114 9 or 11 14 114 9 or 11 15 114 9 or 11 16 114 9 or 11 17 114 9 or 11 18 114 9 or 11 19 114 9 or 11 20 114 9 or 11 21 114 9 or 11 22 114 9 or 11 1 189 9 or 11 2 189 9 or 11 3 189 9 or 11 4 189 9 or 11 5 189 9 or 11 6 189 9 or 11 7 189 9 or 11 8 189 9 or 11 9 189 9 or 11 10 189 9 or 11 11 189 9 or 11 12 189 9 or 11 13 189 9 or 11 14 189 9 or 11 15 189 9 or 11 16 189 9 or 11 17 189 9 or 11 18 189 9 or 11 19 189 9 or 11 20 189 9 or 11 21 189 9 or 11 22 189 9 or 11 1 690 9 or 11 2 690 9 or 11 3 690 9 or 11 4 690 9 or 11 5 690 9 or 11 6 690 9 or 11 7 690 9 or 11 8 690 9 or 11 9 690 9 or 11 10 690 9 or 11 11 690 9 or 11 12 690 9 or 11 13 690 9 or 11 14 690 9 or 11 15 690 9 or 11 16 690 9 or 11 17 690 9 or 11 18 690 9 or 11 19 690 9 or 11 20 690 9 or 11 21 690 9 or 11 22 690 9 or 11 1 691 9 or 11 2 691 9 or 11 3 691 9 or 11 4 691 9 or 11 5 691 9 or 11 6 691 9 or 11 7 691 9 or 11 8 691 9 or 11 9 691 9 or 11 10 691 9 or 11 11 691 9 or 11 12 691 9 or 11 13 691 9 or 11 14 691 9 or 11 15 691 9 or 11 16 691 9 or 11 17 691 9 or 11 18 691 9 or 11 19 691 9 or 11 20 691 9 or 11 21 691 9 or 11 22 691 9 or 11 1 692 9 or 11 2 692 9 or 11 3 692 9 or 11 4 692 9 or 11 5 692 9 or 11 6 692 9 or 11 7 692 9 or 11 8 692 9 or 11 9 692 9 or 11 10 692 9 or 11 11 692 9 or 11 12 692 9 or 11 13 692 9 or 11 14 692 9 or 11 15 692 9 or 11 16 692 9 or 11 17 692 9 or 11 18 692 9 or 11 19 692 9 or 11 20 692 9 or 11 21 692 9 or 11 22 692 9 or 11 1 693 9 or 11 2 693 9 or 11 3 693 9 or 11 4 693 9 or 11 5 693 9 or 11 6 693 9 or 11 7 693 9 or 11 8 693 9 or 11 9 693 9 or 11 10 693 9 or 11 11 693 9 or 11 12 693 9 or 11 13 693 9 or 11 14 693 9 or 11 15 693 9 or 11 16 693 9 or 11 17 693 9 or 11 18 693 9 or 11 19 693 9 or 11 20 693 9 or 11 21 693 9 or 11 22 693 9 or 11 1 694 9 or 11 2 694 9 or 11 3 694 9 or 11 4 694 9 or 11 5 694 9 or 11 6 694 9 or 11 7 694 9 or 11 8 694 9 or 11 9 694 9 or 11 10 694 9 or 11 11 694 9 or 11 12 694 9 or 11 13 694 9 or 11 14 694 9 or 11 15 694 9 or 11 16 694 9 or 11 17 694 9 or 11 18 694 9 or 11 19 694 9 or 11 20 694 9 or 11 21 694 9 or 11 22 694 9 or 11 23 690 9 or 11 23 691 9 or 11 23 692 9 or 11 23 693 9 or 11 23 694 9 or 11 115 690 9 or 11 115 691 9 or 11 115 692 9 or 11 115 693 9 or 11 115 694 9 or 11 190 690 9 or 11 190 691 9 or 11 190 692 9 or 11 190 693 9 or 11 190 694 13 1 97 13 2 97 13 3 97 13 4 97 13 5 97 13 6 97 13 7 97 13 8 97 13 9 97 13 10 97 13 11 97 13 12 97 13 13 97 13 14 97 13 15 97 13 16 97 13 17 97 13 18 97 13 19 97 13 20 97 13 21 97 13 22 97 13 1 598 13 2 598 13 3 598 13 4 598 13 5 598 13 6 598 13 7 598 13 8 598 13 9 598 13 10 598 13 11 598 13 12 598 13 13 598 13 14 598 13 15 598 13 16 598 13 17 598 13 18 598 13 19 598 13 20 598 13 21 598 13 22 598 13 1 599 13 2 599 13 3 599 13 4 599 13 5 599 13 6 599 13 7 599 13 8 599 13 9 599 13 10 599 13 11 599 13 12 599 13 13 599 13 14 599 13 15 599 13 16 599 13 17 599 13 18 599 13 19 599 13 20 599 13 21 599 13 22 599 13 1 600 13 2 600 13 3 600 13 4 600 13 5 600 13 6 600 13 7 600 13 8 600 13 9 600 13 10 600 13 11 600 13 12 600 13 13 600 13 14 600 13 15 600 13 16 600 13 17 600 13 18 600 13 19 600 13 20 600 13 21 600 13 22 600 13 1 601 13 2 601 13 3 601 13 4 601 13 5 601 13 6 601 13 7 601 13 8 601 13 9 601 13 10 601 13 11 601 13 12 601 13 13 601 13 14 601 13 15 601 13 16 601 13 17 601 13 18 601 13 19 601 13 20 601 13 21 601 13 22 601 13 1 602 13 2 602 13 3 602 13 4 602 13 5 602 13 6 602 13 7 602 13 8 602 13 9 602 13 10 602 13 11 602 13 12 602 13 13 602 13 14 602 13 15 602 13 16 602 13 17 602 13 18 602 13 19 602 13 20 602 13 21 602 13 22 602 13 23 599 13 23 600 13 23 601 13 23 602 13 98 599 13 98 600 13 98 601 13 98 602 15 1 96 15 2 96 15 3 96 15 4 96 15 5 96 15 6 96 15 7 96 15 8 96 15 9 96 15 10 96 15 11 96 15 12 96 15 13 96 15 14 96 15 15 96 15 16 96 15 17 96 15 18 96 15 19 96 15 20 96 15 21 96 15 1 597 15 2 597 15 3 597 15 4 597 15 5 597 15 6 597 15 7 597 15 8 597 15 9 597 15 10 597 15 11 597 15 12 597 15 13 597 15 14 597 15 15 597 15 16 597 15 17 597 15 18 597 15 19 597 15 20 597 15 21 597 15 1 598 15 2 598 15 3 598 15 4 598 15 5 598 15 6 598 15 7 598 15 8 598 15 9 598 15 10 598 15 11 598 15 12 598 15 13 598 15 14 598 15 15 598 15 16 598 15 17 598 15 18 598 15 19 598 15 20 598 15 21 598 15 1 599 15 2 599 15 3 599 15 4 599 15 5 599 15 6 599 15 7 599 15 8 599 15 9 599 15 10 599 15 11 599 15 12 599 15 13 599 15 14 599 15 15 599 15 16 599 15 17 599 15 18 599 15 19 599 15 20 599 15 21 599 15 1 599 15 2 599 15 3 599 15 4 599 15 5 599 15 6 599 15 7 599 15 8 599 15 9 599 15 10 599 15 11 599 15 12 599 15 13 599 15 14 599 15 15 599 15 16 599 15 17 599 15 18 599 15 19 599 15 20 599 15 21 599 15 1 600 15 2 600 15 3 600 15 4 600 15 5 600 15 6 600 15 7 600 15 8 600 15 9 600 15 10 600 15 11 600 15 12 600 15 13 600 15 14 600 15 15 600 15 16 600 15 17 600 15 18 600 15 19 600 15 20 600 15 21 600 15 1 601 15 2 601 15 3 601 15 4 601 15 5 601 15 6 601 15 7 601 15 8 601 15 9 601 15 10 601 15 11 601 15 12 601 15 13 601 15 14 601 15 15 601 15 16 601 15 17 601 15 18 601 15 19 601 15 20 601 15 21 601 15 22 598 15 22 599 15 22 600 15 22 601 15 97 598 15 97 599 15 97 600 15 97 601

TABLE 17 Treatment groups for equine efficacy study, testing two dose levels and 2 different adjuvants (Polygen ™ and Carbopol) ANTIGEN # GROUP TREATMENT DOSE ADJUVANT HORSES 1 Plant cell control 1 NA Carbopol 3 2 Plant cell control 2 NA Polygen ™ 3 3 Plant-cell-produced 10 μg Carbopol 10 WNV vaccine - High Dose PM7 4 Plant-cell-produced  1 μg Carbopol 10 WNV vaccine- Low Dose PM7 5 Plant-cell-produced 10 μg Polygen ™ 10 WNV vaccine - High Dose PM7 6 Plant-cell-produced  1 μg Polygen ™ 10 WNV vaccine - Low Dose PM7

TABLE 18 Vaccine composition for equine efficacy study, testing two dose levels and 2 different adjuvants (Polygen ™ and Carbopol) WNV Calculations for Protocol 61004 Denotes Required Input Target Dose (ug/dose) 10 Target Injection Volume (ul) 1000 Volume/Vaccine needed (ml) 120 # inj/ml 1 Stock Solutions Bulk Antigen content: (ug/ml) 20 NB C2004-6A Carbopol Stock 1000 Lot CC52NAB635 Polygen 30% stock 30 MVP Lot 10011 Formulation Targets: ug/ml Vac. ug/dose High Antigen (ug/ml) 10 10 Low Antigen (ug/ml) 1 1 Carbopol 4000 4000 Polygen 30% 15 15 Blank Antigen Antigen Rehydration Desired Rehydrated Concentration 20 Assay before lyophilization (ug/ml) 20 Original Volume 70 total ug/vial 1400 Rehydration Volume 70 Rehydrated concentration 20 Total Vials to rehydrate 1.7 NOTES: If not rehydrating antigen enter antigen assay cell B9 Polygen Values are % volume, Target is 15% Polygen in Vaccine All Volumes are in ml NT-1 Control + NT-1 Control + High Dose + Low Dose + High Dose + Low Dose + Formulation Carbopol Polygen Carbopol Carbopol Polygen Polygen Volume to produce 120 120 120 120 120 120 Blank NT-1 60.000 60.000 Antigen-High Dose 60.000 60.000 Antigen-Low Dose 6.000 6.000 Carbopol Stock 48.000 48.000 48.000 Polygen 30% Stock 60.000 60.000 60.000 Water 12.000 0.000 12.000 66.000 0.000 54.000 Total 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 Serial No. C1670-40-A C1670-40-B C1670-40-C C1670-40-D C1670-40-E C1670-40-F

TABLE 19 Physical Properties of Serology Study Vaccines Serial Number Density @ 20° C. pH Osmolality C1670-40-A 1.0080 7.66 222 C1670-40-B 1.0040 7.79 136 C1670-40-C 1.0088 7.41 220 C1670-40-D 1.0055 7.29 157 C1670-40-E 1.0046 7.54 127 C1670-40-F 1.0010 7.28 60 PM7 NT-1 Control 1.0040 8.47 143 Bulk Antigen 1.0057 7.97 141

TABLE 20 West Nile Virus Serum Neutralizing Titers, equine efficacy study Group # Horse # Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42 Day 49 1 132663371 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 133134514 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 133218532 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 GMT 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 STD 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 132761220 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 133125371 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 133339624 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 GMT 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 STD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 132713454 2 13 22 21 32 32 27 32 3 132725167 2 22 46 49 89 128 49 51 3 133132466 2 2 2 4 7 22 12 14 3 133167527 2 3 22 22 54 41 32 38 3 133169647 2 2 5 6 22 21 10 9 3 133215467 2 3 6 13 21 27 16 22 3 133216291 2 6 12 16 20 25 11 1 3 133334763 2 163 326 282 101 157 89 57 3 133352724 2 2 6 18 21 18 11 9 3 133353395 2 2 6 8 20 36 24 24 GMT 2.0 5.8 13.4 18.5 29.0 37.4 21.5 22.5 STD 0.0 50.0 99.5 84.6 32.1 49.4 24.7 17.0 4 132714272 2 2 6 11 45 54 41 45 4 132724335 2 11 112 97 355 256 300 163 4 132725096 2 2 3 8 41 45 25 24 4 132752597 2 5 32 49 71 45 32 45 4 132863266 3 3 9 7 22 25 24 32 4 133125091 2 12 89 140 202 178 81 162 4 133133383 2 2 3 6 73 108 73 56 4 133133523 2 2 10 19 54 97 128 89 4 133167760 2 2 7 22 45 45 36 36 4 133213152 5 5 6 21 20 25 8 27 GMT 2.3 3.5 12.1 21.5 61.2 65.6 46.9 53.7 STD 1.0 3.8 39.6 45.4 105.7 75.6 86.7 53.2 5 132668226 2 2 3 3 16 21 4 6 5 132675665 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 5 132725594 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 132844457 2 2 3 2 2 6 2 2 5 133126771 2 3 5 6 3 5 3 2 5 133131652 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 133164716 2 4 5 6 5 7 4 6 5 133223315 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 5 133333646 2 18 25 14 8 18 6 6 5 133349224 2 5 8 9 3 6 5 2 GMT 2.0 3.0 3.9 4.0 3.6 5.4 2.9 2.8 STD 0.0 5.0 7.1 3.9 4.4 6.6 1.5 1.9 6 132652471 2 3 6 10 9 16 10 6 6 132722692 2 2 2 3 5 7 10 4 6 132722714 2 2 3 4 10 20 6 3 6 132728113 2 2 2 9 14 22 11 22 6 132735313 2 6 7 11 10 7 6 6 6 132822260 2 3 5 6 6 7 6 4 6 133125493 2 3 5 6 7 9 5 4 6 133126691 2 2 5 10 11 14 10 12 6 133136216 2 2 2 3 4 6 3 3 6 133162564 2 2 2 45 3 6 3 5 GMT 2.0 2.5 3.5 7.5 7.2 10.1 6.4 5.5 STD 0.0 1.3 1.9 12.4 3.5 6.1 3.0 5.9

TABLE 21 Viremia Data, equine efficacy study Viremia (pfu/mL serum) Day post Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 challenge Horse Horse Horse (am/pm) 132663371 133134514 133218532 132761220 133339624 133167527 133353395 133334763 0.0 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 1 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 1 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 2 (am) 50 60 5 70 100 <5 <5 <5 2 (pm) 5 140 5 5 425 <5 <5 <5 3 (am) <5 75 <5 40 340 <5 <5 <5 3 (pm) 5 25 10 10 375 <5 <5 <5 4 (am) <5 50 <5 25 350 <5 <5 <5 4 (pm) <5 45 <5 <5 115 <5 <5 <5 5 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 5 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 6 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 6 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 7 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 (am)  <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 14 (am)  <5 — <5 — — <5 <5 <5 Day post Group 3 challenge Horse (am/pm) 133169647 133132466 133215467 133352724 132725167 132713454 133216291 0.0 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 1 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 1 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 2 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 2 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 3 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 3 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 4 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 4 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 ND <5 <5 6 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 6 (pm) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 7 (am) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 (am)  <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 14 (am)  <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

TABLE 22 Temperature Data, equine efficacy study Temperature Post Challenge Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Horse Horse Horse Day 132663371 133134514 133218532 132761220 133339624 133167527 133353395 133334763 −1 (am)  101.4 100.6 102.2 100.8 102.5 101.0 101.1 100.9 0 (am) 101.8 101.3 102.2 101.5 102.1 101.0 101.6 101.7 1 (am) 101.6 100.2 100.9 100.4 100.4 101.6 101.0 101.8 1 (pm) 101.6 101.2 102.6 100.6 100.9 101.4 100.2 102.6 2 (am) 100.2 100.6 100.8 99.6 101.0 100.2 100.6 102.0 2 (pm) 102.0 99.8 99.6 100.0 100.9 102.8 100.6 102.4 3 (am) 101.2 100.0 100.2 100.8 100.2 100.6 99.2 101.2 3 (pm) 100.0 100.3 99.7 99.9 100.3 102.3 101.0 101.4 4 (am) 100.2 99.8 100.2 100.3 100.7 100.1 100.7 101.2 4 (pm) 99.9 100.6 100.7 100.0 101.2 100.8 100.2 101.4 5 (am) 100.2 100.3 99.7 100.2 100.1 99.8 100.3 101.4 5 (pm) 100.5 100.7 99.8 100.6 100.2 100.1 101.0 102.2 6 (am) 99.9 100.5 99.9 99.5 100.2 99.7 100.6 100.8 6 (pm) 99.6 100.1 101.4 100.9 99.8 100.6 100.2 101.8 7 (am) 100.6 100.4 100.6 100.2 99.6 100.1 9.8 100.4 7 (pm) 100.2 101.4 100.2 101.0 99.8 100.6 100.2 102.4 8 (am) 100.6 100.5 100.0 100.1 100.7 100.3 99.5 101.0 8 (pm) 102.2 101.0 101.2 101.0 101.4 99.6 100.0 101.0 9 (am) 103.0 101.1 101.6 100.0 101.6 100.8 99.6 100.7 9 (pm) 104.0 103.4 103.6 101.6 104.4 102.6 100.2 100.0 10 (am)  102.5 103.7 104.0 102.4 104.2 100.6 100.1 100.2 10 (pm)  102.8 103.7 104.6 100.8 101.0 102.1 11 (am)  101.4 101.6 102.0 100.7 100.2 100.1 11 (pm)  101.8 103.2 103.2 100.6 101.0 100.0 12 (am)  100.2 101.2 100.7 100.1 100.5 100.6 12 (pm)  100.0 101.0 100.2 99.8 99.9 13 (am)  100.6 100.8 100.6 100.0 100.2 13 (pm)  100.2 99.6 99.9 100.7 101.6 14 (am)  100.8 99.6 100.0 100.6 101.0 Group 3 Horse Day 133169647 133132466 133215467 133352724 132725167 132713454 133216291 −1 (am)  101.0 101.7 100.6 100.9 101.2 100.6 102.2 0 (am) 100.4 102.0 100.6 100.5 100.8 100.7 101.2 1 (am) 100.2 101.6 101.3 101.6 101.8 100.4 100.2 1 (pm) 101.2 101.0 101.2 100.2 101.6 100.8 100.2 2 (am) 100.0 100.2 100.8 101.0 100.2 100.1 100.9 2 (pm) 99.6 100.2 99.8 100.6 102.0 101.6 100.6 3 (am) 100.6 99.6 100.8 100.2 100.0 100.1 100.2 3 (pm) 99.8 100.0 100.2 99.8 100.9 100.1 100.3 4 (am) 101.0 99.6 100.6 101.2 100.2 100.5 100.6 4 (pm) 99.6 100.0 100.6 100.0 101.0 100.2 100.3 5 (am) 99.6 102.0 100.0 100.2 100.1 100.4 99.8 5 (pm) 100.8 100.3 100.2 99.9 ND 100.0 100.5 6 (am) 99.8 99.6 100.1 99.6 99.9 100.1 100.2 6 (pm) 100.0 100.6 100.6 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.7 7 (am) 100.2 102.2 100.0 99.4 100.6 100.7 99.9 7 (pm) 100.2 100.6 101.0 100.4 100.6 100.0 100.6 8 (am) 99.6 99.2 99.7 99.6 100.1 100.2 99.9 8 (pm) 100.2 100.6 100.6 99.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 9 (am) 100.3 100.1 99.8 100.0 100.1 100.5 100.2 9 (pm) 102.0 100.4 100.8 100.2 101.8 99.9 100.6 10 (am)  100.2 100.0 100.0 100.4 101.5 99.4 100.9 10 (pm)  100.8 102.8 100.6 100.2 100.3 100.6 101.4 11 (am)  101.0 100.9 100.0 99.8 99.6 100.2 101.6 11 (pm)  101.4 102.2 101.0 100.9 100.5 101.4 102.2 12 (am)  100.3 102.0 99.6 100.1 101.4 100.6 102.7 12 (pm)  100.2 100.6 100.0 100.5 100.2 101.7 103.0 13 (am)  100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 101.0 101.8 13 (pm)  100.2 100.0 100.3 100.6 100.5 100.8 103.0 14 (am)  100.4 100.2 100.7 100.5 100.2 100.3 101.2

TABLE 23 Clinical Assessment Data, equine efficacy study Horse Group Day −1 Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 132663371 1 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133134514 1 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133218532 1 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 132761220 2 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133339624 2 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133167527 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133353395 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133334763 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133169647 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133132466 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR hypersensitive BAR 133215467 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133352724 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 132725167 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR dull and lethargic BAR lethargic 132713454 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133216291 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR Horse Group Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 132663371 1 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133134514 1 BAR am - dull and slow. Dead Dead Dead Dead pm - very dull, weak euthanized 133218532 1 BAR BAR mild depression BAR BAR BAR 132761220 2 BAR lip tremors Mild lip tremors, lip/head tremors, Dead Dead decreased hypersensitive, appetite reluctant to move neck; euthanized 133339624 2 BAR Head tremors, Dead Dead Dead Dead severe weakness, chewing; euthanized 133167527 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133353395 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133334763 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133169647 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133132466 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133215467 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133352724 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 132725167 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 132713454 3 BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR BAR 133216291 3 BAR BAR Slight BAR BAR BAR hypersensitivity

TABLE 24 Histologic Examination Findings, equine efficacy study Horse Group Day Euthanized Histology Findings 132663371 1 15 mild to moderate encephalitis both sections 133134514 1 10 severe encephalitis both sections 133218532 1 14 moderate to severe encephalitis both sections 132761220 2 12 severe encephalitis both sections 133339624 2 10 severe encephalitis both sections 133167527 3 17 normal 133353395 3 17 mild encephalitis one section 133334763 3 14 mild encephalitis one section 133169647 3 14 normal 133132466 3 17 mild encephalitis both sections 133215467 3 14 mild encephalitis both sections 133352724 3 15 mild encephalitis one section 132725167 3 14 normal 132713454 3 17 mild encephalitis one section 133216291 3 15 moderate encephalitis both sections

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1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising: a) a sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 11 optionally wherein said polynucleotide sequence has a G+C content of at least 40% and less than 50%; b) a genetic construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence as set forth in (a); or c) a vector comprising a polynucleotide or genetic construct as set forth in (a) or (b).
 2. The isolated polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 4 or
 10. 3. The isolated polynucleotide according to claim 2, wherein said polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO:
 4. 4. The isolated polynucleotide according to claim 2, wherein said polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO:
 10. 5. A transgenic plant, plant cell, or plant part comprising a polynucleotide as set forth in claim
 1. 6. A method of making polypeptide comprising: a) transforming a cell with a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO: 11; b) culturing said transformed cell under conditions that allow for the proliferation of said transformed plant cell and the accumulation of said polypeptide; and c) recovering or purifying said at least one polypeptide from said cell.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of a lower plant cell, a monocot plant cell, and a dicot plant cell, a prokaryotic cell and a mammalian cell line.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the cell is a tobacco cell line.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said tobacco cell line is NT-1.
 10. A method of making polypeptide comprising: a) transforming a cell with a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 or 10; b) culturing said transformed cell under conditions that allow for the proliferation of said transformed plant cell and the accumulation of said polypeptide; and c) recovering or purifying said at least one polypeptide from said cell, wherein said cell is a tobacco cell line.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said tobacco cell line is NT-1. 